本研究旨在探討大學音樂系學生的演奏傷害盛行率及危險因子。以「演奏傷害
調查問卷—大學版」為研究工具，探討大學音樂系學生的生心理健康狀況、上肢功能健康狀況及肌肉骨骼疼痛狀況。以一般大學（n=161）、藝術大學（n=377）、教育大學（n=80）音樂系學生為調查對象，共有618 位學生參與問卷調查，透過單因子變異數分析、獨立樣本t 檢定及卡方檢定等統計方法來探究三組不同大學類型、不同主修與不同性別在演奏傷害的差異情形。研究結果顯示：（一）大學音樂系學生在神經肌肉骨骼系統以肩膀部位產生不適比例為最高，其次為脖子及手部。（二）大學音樂系學生在神經肌肉骨骼系統不適的差異方面，教育大學不適比率顯著高於其他大學；女性不適比率顯著高於男性；中國弦樂器學生不適比率顯著高於西洋弦樂器學生；中國管樂器學生不適比率顯著高於西洋管樂器學生。（三）大學音樂系學生的生心理健康狀況均沒有顯著差異；但與1998 年美國常模、2001 年台灣常模等相比，現階段大學音樂系學生的生心理健康狀況明顯較差。（四）大學音樂系學生在上肢功
能健康狀況上，主修中國弦樂與西洋弦樂學生無明顯差異；但主修中國管樂與西洋管樂學生有明顯差異，亦即主修中國管樂學生在上肢功能健康狀況較佳。最後依據研究結果，針對演奏者、教學者以及教育行政單位提出具體建議，以供未來後續研究之參考。

This study is mainly focused on the exploration of the prevalence and risk factor ofinjuries in musical performance for the students in the music department of universities.Utilized the “Injury in Musical Performance Questionnaire — University Version” as the research tool to investigate those conditions of physical and mental health, upper limb functions and pain in muscle and bones for the students in the music department of universities. Taking the students from the music department of general universities(n=161), art universities (n=377) and education universities (n=80) as the survey subjects.There were totaled 618 students who participated in this questionnaire survey, and adopted these statistical approaches, such as One-way ANOVA, T-test independent
samples and Chi-Square Test to investigate the different conditions of the injury in musical performance among these three different groups: different types of universities,
different majors and different genders.
The results of this study have shown: (1) As for the students in the music department of universities, the shoulder part has the highest ratio of occurring uncomfortableness within the nerve, muscle and bone systems, next one is the neck and hand. (2) As for the
students in the music department of universities, in the difference between the uncomfortablenesses within the nerve, muscle and bone systems, students from the
education universities have a significantly higher ratio of uncomfortableness than other universities; the occurrence ratio in female students was significantly higher than male
students; students who majored in Chinese Stringed Instruments have a significantly higher ratio of uncomfortableness than students who majored in Western Stringed Instruments; and students who majored in Chinese Wind Instruments have a significantly higher ratio of uncomfortableness than students who majored in Western Wind
Instruments. (3) As for the students in the music department of universities, there is no significant difference between their physical and mental health conditions, but it has showed a decreasing trend in recent years with comparing to the constant model. (4) As
for the upper limb functions health, there is no significant difference between students who majored in Chinese Stringed Instruments and Western Stringed Instruments; however,there is a significant difference between students who majored in Chinese Wind Instruments indicated that these students have a better health condition for upper limb function. In Conclusion, according to the research results, this study has proposed some concrete suggestions with aiming at musical performers, educators and educational competent authorities to provide the referent for the follow-up researches.

中文部份
吳秋帆（2007）。國小音樂才能班學生學習態度與音樂學習成就相關性之研究。國立台南大學音樂學系碩士論文，未出版，台南市。
蔡佩倫、黃鈺婷、謝惠茲（2007）。音樂學子演奏相關之健康問題探討。臺灣職能治療研究與實務雜誌，3（2），118-127。
許宏志（2006）。酸痛復健全書－頭、肩、頸、腰、背、脊椎、四肢。台北：如何。
李詩應（2006）。有效解決頸背腰骨酸痛100 招。臺北：原水文化。
陳玉芸（2006）。讓琴音源自鬆靜之間－鋼琴實務教學。桃園：原笙。
蔡念親（2006）。放鬆的落實：論鋼琴演奏者之職業傷害。國立台北藝術大學音樂學系碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
劉國琴、楚亞玲、楊樂、王全安（2006）。399 名醫學生生命品質及其影響因素初步分析。遵義醫學院學報，29（4），397-400。
揚志偉、蘇娳敏、陳泰瑞（2005）。生活品質量表在臨床及研究上的應用。高雄縣醫師會誌，18，46-53。
謝文逸、林世澤、許弘昌、吳鴻文、陳信水（2005）。腕隧道症候群與運動員。基層醫學，20（11），284-295。
陳怡蓁、林燕慧（2004）。青少年弦樂練習者其上肢疼痛之相關因素探討。物理治療，29（3），169-175。
梁蕙雯（2004）。簡介職業相關肌肉骨骼傷病。工業安全科技，50，2-6。
徐弘正（2004）。動作分析於音樂傷害之應用--以大提琴學生演奏顫音時左上肢動作分析為例。秀傳醫學雜誌， 5（1-2），31-36。
吳曉貞（2003）。長笛問答集：給兒童家長及初學者。台北：世界文物。
王景賢（2003）。小提琴問答集：給兒童的家長。台北：世界文物。
蔣玉娟（2003）。擊樂演奏者演奏傷害之探討。國立台北藝術大學管絃與擊樂研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
林青慧（2003）。臺灣簡短36（SF-36）健康量表工具信效度及常模之建立。中國醫藥學院醫務管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，台中市。
盧瑞芬、曾旭民、蔡益堅（2003）。國人生活品質評量(I)：SF-36 台灣版的發展及心理計量特質分析。台灣公共衛生雜誌，22(6)，501-511。
盧瑞芬、曾旭民、蔡益堅（2003）。國人生活品質評量(II)：SF-36 台灣版的常模與效度檢測。台灣公共衛生雜誌，22(6)，512-518。
康褔仁、林世澤（2003）。運動員常見的上肢周邊神經壓迫症候群。中華體育季刊，17（2），94-102。
鍾文慎、張新儀、石曜堂、溫啟邦（2002）。國人自覺心理健康：2001 年國民健康訪問調查結果。台灣公共衛生雜誌，22(6)，465-473。
蔡益堅（2002）。自覺健康狀況-以簡表-36（SF-36）評估。行政院衛生署國民健康局研究簡訊，10，1-7。
陳文玲、王君仙、劉培鈴、程琡敏（2002）。大專音樂系學生肩頸疼痛之形成－音樂系與非音樂系女大學生之比較。物理治療，27(4)，183-190。
王素華、李立明、李俊（2001）。SF-36 健康調查量表的應用。國外醫學（社會醫學）分冊，18（1），4-8。
戴基福（2001）。職業骨骼肌肉傷害及其預防。工業安全衛生月刊，143，16-23。
魏廷格（2000）。鋼琴學習指南。臺北：世界文物。
陳惠卿（2000）。音樂系學生聽閾與聽力保健之研究。國立高雄師範大學特殊教育學
系研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
黃久玲（1999）。從生理與解剖的角度教導學生如何避免鋼琴彈奏傷害。嘉義師範學院國民教育研究所學報，5，353~387。
黃久玲（1999）。音樂系學生聽力損失的調查研究。嘉義師範學院國民教育研究所學報，13，291-310。
方銘鍵、傅瑋俐、蔡秒玉、李科泯、謝邦昌（1999）。彈奏鋼琴姿勢模式之研究。中國統計學報，37（2），109-127。
周清隆（1998）。表演藝術傷害之介紹。臨床醫學，42，106-111。
方銘健（1997）。鋼琴彈奏之姿勢研究。國立台灣師範大學音樂學系碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
郭宗愷（1997）。演奏傷害傾向之行為模式。古典音樂，59，141-147。
彭聖錦（1997）。由傳統氣功探討避免演奏運動傷害之道。古典音樂，60，131-139。
陳怨、林宗賢（1997）。音樂系學生彈奏傷害調查研究。大專體育，33，95-100。
郭宗愷（1996）。音樂演奏傷害之現況與治療。古典音樂，55，139-144。
彭薏雯（1995）。如何避免彈琴運動傷害。古典音樂，42，54-61。
彭薏雯、孫丕昌、張華安、徐道昌（1994）。大專音樂系學生專業傷害之調查－初步報告。中華復健醫學雜誌，22(1)，105-109。
徐弘正、張正傑、賴慧貞、潘文弘、吳坤霖（1993）。以生物迴饋指數評估大提琴學生之肩部傷害。中華復健醫學雜誌，21，41-45。
Maxim Jacobsen（1993）。弦樂手的體操手冊。台北：大呂。
鄭瓊英（1991）。鋼琴彈奏傷害之調查研究。國立台灣師範大學音樂學系碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
陳曼文、連倚南（1987）。提琴手在骨骼肌肉系統方面的問題。中華復健醫學雜誌，15，77-84。
英文部分
Sepideh S Farivar, William E Cunningham, Ron D Hays（2007）. Correlated physical and mental health summary scores for the SF-36 and SF-12 Health Survey, V.1. Health
and Quality of Life Outcomes(5),54.Rand Corporation.
WorkSafeBC.(2006).Understanding the risks of musculoskeletal injury (MSI): an educational guide for workers on sprains, strains and other MSIs . WorkSafeBC.
Bragge, P., Bialocerkowski, A., McMeeken, J. (2006). Understanding playing-related musculoskeletal disorders in elite hpianists: A grounded theory study.Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 21, 71-79.
Eri Yoshimura, M.M., Pamela Mia Paul, D.M.A.,Cyriel Aerts, and Kris Chesky, Ph.D.
(2006). Risk Factors for Piano-related Pain among College Students. Medical Problems of Performing Artists,21(3),118-125.
Yoshimura, E., Paul, P.M., Aerts, C. & Kris, C. (2006). Risk factors for piano-related pain among college students. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 21, 118-125.
Shinichi Furuya, M.S.,Hidehiro Nakahara, M.S.,Tomoko Aoki, Ph.D.,& Hiroshi Kinoshita, Ph.D. (2006).Prevalence and Causal Factors of Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Extremity and Trunk among Japanese Pianists and Piano Students. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 21(3),112-117.
Frucht S.J .(2004). Focal Task-Specific Dystonia in Musicians. Dystonia 4: Advances in Neurology,94,225-230.
Rajko Crnivec, M.D., M.Sc. (2004). Assessment of Health Risks in Musicians of the Slovene Philharmonic Orchestra, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Medical Problems of Performing Artists,19(3),140-145.
Liang, H.W., Wang, H.K., Yao,G.,Horng,Y.S. & Hou, S.M. (2004). Psychometric evaluation of the Taiwan version of the disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) questionnaire. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association,103(10) ,773-779.
Barbara Conable.(2003). What Every Musician Needs to Know about the Body.Chicago:GIA Publication.
Thomas Mark.(2003).What Every Pianist Needs to Know about the Body.Chicago:GIA Publication.
SHAPE (2003).Musicians and MSI: Symptoms and types of injuries. Safety and Health in Arts Production and Entertainment,1-4.
Lederman, R.J. (2003). Neuromuscular and Musculoskeletal Problems in Instrumental Musicians. Muscle Nerve,27,549-561.
Pearson, Lea D.M.A. (2002) .Body Mapping for Flutists: What Every Flute Teacher Needs to Know About the Body. Andover Press.
Ruth C. Friedberg. (2002) .The Complete Pianist, Body, Mind, Synthesis. Scarecrow Pr.
SHAPE (2002).Preventing Musculoskeletal Injury(MSI) for Musicians and Dancers.Safety and Health in Arts Production and Entertainment,7-34.
Philip Sambrook., Leslie Schrieber., Andrew Ellis. (2001). The Musculoskeletal System:Basic Science and Clinical Conditions. Churchill Livingstone.
Josef Hofmann (2000). Piano Playing, With Piano Questions Answered. Dover.
Fry,H.J.H. (2000).Overuse Syndrome. In: Tubiana R, Amadio PC ed. Medical Problems of the Instrumentalist Musician. London: Martin Dunitz, 245-271.
Wynn Parry,C. (2000). Clinical Approaches. In: Tubiana R, Amadio PC ed. Medical Problems of the Instrumentalist Musician.London: Martin Dunitz, 203-218.
Nora Shields, B.Sc., M.I.S.C.P., & Sara Dockrell, M.A., M.Ed., Dip. T.P., M.I.S.C.P.
(2000).The Prevalence of Injuries among Pianists in Music Schools in Ireland. Medical Problems of Performing Artists,15(4),155-160.
Morse, T., Ro, J., Cherniack, M. & Pelletier, S. R. (2000). A Pilot Population Study of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Musicians. Medical Problems of Performing Artists,15, 81-85.
Madeline Bruser. (1999). The Art Of Practicing: A Guide To Making Music From The Heart. New York, NY: Bell Tower.
Heidi Blackie, O.T.R. / L., Ronald Stone, M.S., O.T.R. / L., and Anne Tiernan, M.S.,O.T.R. / L. (1999). An Investigation of Injury Prevention among University Piano
Students. Medical Problems of Performing Artists,14（3）,141-149.
Hoppmann,R.A. (1998). Musculoskeletal Problems in Instrumental Musicians. In:Sataloff RT, Brandfonbrener AG, Lederman RJ ed. Textbook of Performing Arts Medicine（2nd ed.）. New York:Raven Press,71-110.
Zaza,C. (1998). Playing-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Musicians: a Systematic Review of Incidence and Prevalence. Canadian Medical Association
Journal,158(8),1019-1025.
Lederman R.J. (1998). Neurological Problems of Performing Artists. In: Sataloff RT,
Brandfonbrener AG, Lederman RJ ed. Textbook of Performing Arts Medicine（2nd ed.）. New York: Raven Press, 47-71.
Elbert T., Candia V., Altenmüller E., Rau H., Sterr A., Rockstroh B., Pantev C., Taub E(1998).Alteration of Digital Representations in Somatosensory Cortex in Focal Hand
Dystonia. Neuroreport,9,3571-3575.
Danelle Cayea, B. A.,＆Ralph A. Manchester, M. D. (1998). Instrument-specific Rates of Upper-extremity Injures in Music Students. Medical Problems of Performing Artists,
13(1),19-25.
Ware J.E., Kosinski M.,Keller S.D. (1998). SF-36 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scale：A use’s mamual . Boston, The Health Institute, New England Medical
Hospital.
Wolfgang Wagenhauser.&Michael Reuter. (1997). spielen wie Horowitz？Edition Omega Wolfgang Layer Trossingen – Berlin.
Zaza, C. ＆ Farewell, V. T. (1997). Musicians’ playing-related musculoskeletal disorders:An examination of risk factors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 32,
292-300.
Dawson,W. J. (1997). Common problems of wind instrumentalists. Medical Problems Performing Artists Journal,12 (4),109.
Bejjani F.J., Kaye G.M., Benham M. (1996). Musculoskeletal and neuromuscularconditions of instrumental musicians. Archives of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation,77(4),406-413.
Michael J. Gelb. (1995). Body Learning:An Introduction to the Alexander Technique(2nd ed.). New York: Owl.
David Shoup, D.O. (1995). Survey of Performance-related Problem among High School and Junior High School Musicians. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 10,
100-105.
Ware J.E., Kosinski M.,Keller S.D. (1994).SF-36 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scale：A use’s mamual.Boston, MA：The Health Institute.
Ware J.E., Snow K.K., Kosinski M.,et al. (1993).SF-36 Health Survey Manual and Interpretation Guide.Boston,The Health Institute, New England Medical Hospital.
Zaza,C.(1993). Prevention of Musicians' Playing-related Health Problems: Rationale and Recommendations for Action. Medical Problems of Performing Artists,8(4),117-121.
Dickinson,C.E., Campion,K,Foster, A.F.,Newman,S.J.,O'Rourke, A.M.,Thomas,P.G.
(1992).Questionnaire development: an examination of the Nordic Musculoskeletal.Questionnaire. Applied Ergonomics,23(3),197-201.
Zaza,C.(1992). Playing-Related Health Problems at a Canadian Music School. Medical Problems of Performing Artists,1(7),48-51.
Manchester,R.A.,Flieder,D.(1991) Further Observations on the Epidemiology of Hand Injuries in Music Students. Medical Problems of Performing Artists,6(1),11-14.
Lockwood A.H. (1989).Medical Problems of Musicians. The New England Journal of Medicine, 320(4),221-227.
Bird H.(1989).Overuse injuries in musicians. British Medical Journal, 298,1129-1130.
Fishbein, M., Middlestadt, S. E., Ottati, V., Strauss, S. & Ellis, A.(1988).Medical problems among ICSOM musicians: Overview of a national survey. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 3(1), 1-8.
Fry,H.J.H. (1988). The Treatment of Overuse Syndrome in Musicians. Result in 175 Patients. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,81,572-575.
Caplan, D. (1987). Back trouble: A new approach to prevention and recovery.
Gainesville, FL:Triad.
Fry,H.J.H. (1987). Prevalence of Overuse (Injury) Syndrome in Australian Music Schools.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine,44(1),35-40.
Kuorinka,I.,Jonsson,B.,Kilbom,A.,Vinterberg,H.et al. (1987).Standardized NorDicquestionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symp toms. Applied
Ergonomics,18,233–237.
Caldron P.H., Calabrese L.H., Clough J.D., Lederman R.J., Williams G..,Leatherman J.
(1986) .A Survey of Musculoskeletal Problems Encountered in High-Level Musicians.Medical Problems of Performing Artists,1(4),136-139.
Lederman R.J., Calabrese L.H. (1986).Overuse Syndromes in Instrumentalists. Medical Problems of Performing Artists,1(1),7-11.
Fry,H.J.H. (1986a) Incidence of Overuse Syndrome in the Symphony Orchestra. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 1(2),51-55.