排灣語的內部及外部關係｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	莊立揚 Chuang, Li-Yang
論文名稱：	排灣語的內部及外部關係 The Internal and External Relationships of Paiwan
指導教授：	廖秀娟 Liao, Hsiu-chuan
口試委員:	李佩容 Lee, Amy Pei-jung 郭育賢 Goderich, Andre
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所 Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2024
畢業學年度：	112
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	531
中文關鍵詞：	歷史語言學、南島語、排灣語、方言網路
外文關鍵詞：	Historicallinguistics, Austronesian languages, Paiwan, dialectalnetwork
相關次數：	點閱：3 下載：0
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本論文以比較方法 (the Comparative Method)基於十六個排灣方言(青山
方言、大社方言、德文方言、三地方言、筏灣方言、萬安方言、武潭方
言、古樓方言、來義方言、力里方言、丹路方言、大鳥方言、土坂方言、
正興方言、太麻里方言、新興方言) 重建原始排灣語。原始排灣語共有二
十二個輔音音位 (*p, *t, *c, *k, *q, *b, *d, *ɖ, *ɟ, *g, *s, *v, *C, *Z, *m, *n,
*ŋ, *r, *ɭ, *ʎ, *w, *j) 及四個元音音位 (*i, *u, *ə, *a)。
此外，本論文使用語言學證據探討了排灣方言之間的方言關係，由於
語音和詞彙證據的分散性，採取語言鏈模型 (linkage model)而非樹狀分支
(tree-branching)。原始排灣語可以分為北排灣方言鏈、東南排灣方言鏈和大
武山擴散區。北排灣方言鏈包括青山方言、大社方言、德文方言、三地方
言和筏灣方言。東南部排灣方言鏈包括古樓方言、來義方言、力里方言、
丹路方言、大鳥方言、土坂方言、太麻里方言和新興方言。大武山擴散區
包括正興方言、萬安方言及武潭方言。
該論文還探討了排灣語與鄰近的南島語言之間的語言接觸，聚焦在詞
彙借用的方向。顯而易見地，北部方言（青山方言、大社方言、德文方
言）有更多來自魯凱語的借詞，而東部方言（大鳥方言、土坂方言、正興
方言、太麻里方言、新興方言）則有更多來自卑南語的借詞。白樂思
(Blust 1999:48-49）提出排灣語與卑南語之間有 25 個共享詞彙，顯示兩種
語言之間存在著長期的接觸。然而，基於檢視一些排灣語詞形可能是來自
原始南島語 (Proto-Austronesian)的保留，而其他詞形則可能是從魯凱語或
卑南語借入。同時，數個詞形也與阿美語共享。因此推論排灣語和卑南語
的接觸，只限於方言之間。
本論文主要有三個貢獻: (1) 原始排灣語音韻系統及七百多條詞彙之重
建; (2) 提出排灣語的方言網路; (3) 指出排灣語與魯凱語、卑南語的詞彙接
觸。

This thesis provides a reconstruction of Proto-Paiwan based on sixteen
Paiwan dialects: Cavak, Paridrayan, Tjukuvulj, Timur, Payuan, Tjaranauma,
Qapedang, Kuljaljau, Tjalja’avus, Raxekerek, Butanglu, Pacavalj, Tjuabar,
Sinapayan, Tjavualji, Sapulju. There are 22 consonants *p, *t, *c, *k, *q, *b, *d,
*ɖ, *ɟ, *g, *s, *v, *C, *Z, *m, *n, *ŋ, *r, *ɭ, and *ʎ, *w, *j, and 4 vowels *i, *u,
*ə, and *a reconstructed for Proto-Paiwan.
Furthermore, the thesis examines dialectal relationships among the Paiwan
varieties using a linkage model with linguistic evidence. Due to diversity of
phonological and lexical evidence, it is better to use linkage model rather than
tree-branching. Proto-Paiwan can be divided into Northern Paiwan Linkage,
South-eastern Paiwan Linkage, and the Kavulungan Diffusion Area. Northern
Paiwan Linkage consists of Cavak, Paridrayan, Tjukuvulj, Timur, and Payuan.
South-eastern Paiwan Linkage includes Kuljaljau, Tjalja’avus, Raxekerek,
Butanglu, Pacavalj, Tjuabar, Tjavualji, and Sapulju. The Kavulungan Diffusion
Area includes Sinapayan, Tjaranauma, and Qapedang.
The thesis also examines language contact between Paiwan and neighboring
Austronesian languages, focusing on the direction of borrowing in lexical items.
It is evident that the northern dialects (Cavak, Paridrayan, and Tjukuvulj) have
more Rukai loanwords, while the eastern dialects (Pacavalj, Tjuabar, Sinapayan,
Tjavualji, and Sapulju) have more Puyuma loanwords. Furthermore, there are 25
shared lexical items between Paiwan and Puyuma (Blust 1999: 48-49),
suggesting a longstanding contact between the two languages. However, some
forms in Paiwan may be retentions from Proto-Austronesian (PAɴ), while others
could be borrowings from Rukai or Puyuma. Additionally, several forms are also
shared with the Amis language. As a result, the contact between Paiwan and
Puyuma is more likely to be dialect-level borrowing.

Abstract...........................................................................................................................i
Chinese abstract .............................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents..........................................................................................................iv
List of Tables .................................................................................................................x
List of Figures............................................................................................................xvii
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... xviii
Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................1
1 The Paiwan language ...........................................................................................1
1.1 Dialects of Paiwan .....................................................................................1
2 Research questions and goals...............................................................................6
3 Data sources and methodology ............................................................................6
3.1 Data sources...............................................................................................6
3.2 Data transcription ......................................................................................8
3.3 Orthographic conventions..........................................................................9
3.4 Methodology............................................................................................11
4 Outline of this thesis...........................................................................................13
Chapter 2: Literature Review.......................................................................................15
1 The relationship with other Austronesian languages .........................................15
1.1 Ferrell (1969)...........................................................................................15
1.2 Tsuchida (1976).......................................................................................17
1.3 Blust (1999).............................................................................................18
1.4 Ho& Yang (2000)....................................................................................19
1.5 Ross (2009)..............................................................................................21
2 The internal classification of Paiwan dialects....................................................22
2.1 Ho (1978).................................................................................................23

2.2 Ferrell (1982)...........................................................................................25
2.3 Lee (2011)................................................................................................26
2.4 Cheng (2016)...........................................................................................28
2.5 Ang (2018)...............................................................................................30
2.6 The shift of *q to ʔ as diffusion...............................................................33
3 Summary ............................................................................................................36
Chapter 3: Synchronic Phonology of Paiwan dialects.................................................38
1 Phonemic inventories of Paiwan dialects...........................................................38
1.1 Paiwan vowels.........................................................................................38
1.2 Cavak consonants....................................................................................38
1.3 Paridrayan and Tjukuvulj consonants......................................................39
1.4 Timur consonants ....................................................................................40
1.5 Payuan consonants...................................................................................40
1.6 Tjaranauma consonants ...........................................................................41
1.7 Qapedang consonants..............................................................................42
1.8 Kuljaljau and Tjuabar consonants ...........................................................42
1.9 Tjalja’avus consonants ............................................................................43
1.10 Raxekerek consonants ...........................................................................43
1.11 Butanglu consonants..............................................................................44
1.12 Pacavalj consonants...............................................................................44
1.13 Sinapayan consonants............................................................................45
1.14 Tjavualji consonants..............................................................................45
1.15 Sapulju consonants................................................................................46
2 Distant labial dissimilation.................................................................................47
3 Syllabic structure................................................................................................48
4 Stress..................................................................................................................49
5 High vowel lowering..........................................................................................51
6 Summary ............................................................................................................51
Chapter 4: A Reconstruction of Proto-Paiwan Phonology ..........................................52
1 Phonemic inventory............................................................................................52
2 Reconstructed phonemes and their reflexes.......................................................53
3 Irregular reflexes of PPᴀɪ *k in Tᴊᴀʟ and Tᴊᴀᴠ ..................................................80
4 The historical development of PAɴ phonemes in PPᴀɪ......................................93
5 Vowel reduction .................................................................................................99
6 Summary ..........................................................................................................101
Chapter 5: Internal Relationships of Paiwan Dialects ...............................................102
1 A Proposed classification with Linkage Model ...............................................102
2 Linkages under Proto-Paiwan ..........................................................................110
2.1 Isogloss..................................................................................................110
2.2 Evidence for Northern Paiwan Linkage ................................................114
2.3 Evidence for Kavulungan Diffusion Area .............................................119
2.4 Evidence for South-eastern Paiwan Linkage.........................................123
3 Northern Paiwan Linkage.................................................................................129
3.1 The merger of *-w and *-v as -v ...........................................................129
3.2 The shift of *q to ʔ.................................................................................132
3.3 The contact with Kavulungan diffusion area.........................................134
4 South-Eastern Paiwan Linkage ........................................................................139
4.1 The shift of *c to ͡tɕ................................................................................140
4.2 The shift of *k to ʔ.................................................................................142
4.3 The shift of *r to χ or ʁ ..........................................................................144
4.4 The shift of *ɖ to r.................................................................................146
4.5 The contact between Kuljaljau, Raxekerek, Pacavalj, and Tjuabar ......148
4.6 The shared lexical items between ‘Eastern Paiwan’ .............................153
5 Summary ..........................................................................................................156
Chapter 6: Language Contact between Paiwan and other Formosan languages .......158
1 Contact with Rukai...........................................................................................161
1.1 The direction of borrowing: From Rukai to Paiwan..............................162
1.1.1 ɭidaŋ; ɭidam ‘tongue’ ..........................................................................162
1.1.2 bukuʎ ‘vertebra’ .................................................................................164
1.1.3 abar ‘palm tree’...................................................................................166
1.2 The direction of borrowing: From Rukai to Paiwan..............................168
1.2.1 lapanaj: ʎapanaj ‘corn’ .......................................................................169
1.2.2 darəlapə: ɟaraʎap ‘banyan’ .................................................................171
1.2.3 tidolo: ciɖiuʎ ‘wasp; hornet’...............................................................173
1.2.4 kidiŋi: kiZiŋ ‘spoon’...........................................................................175
1.2.5 taɭopoŋo: caɭupuŋ ‘hat’.......................................................................177
1.2.6 bava: vawa ‘wine’...............................................................................179
2 Contact with Puyuma .......................................................................................182
2.1 Shared lexical items between Paiwan and Puyuma...............................186
2.1.1 Loanwords from Puyuma to Paiwan Tᴊᴀᴠ..........................................188
2.1.1.1 viʎviʎ ‘lips’......................................................................................191
2.1.1.2 qaʎəʎəm ‘mulberry’ ........................................................................192
2.1.1.3 qami ‘north’.....................................................................................194
2.1.1.4 (ʔ)
əɖə͡tɕ ‘south’..................................................................................196
2.1.1.5 b<ən>usus ‘cheat (v.)’.....................................................................198
2.1.1.6 dudu ‘coconut’.................................................................................200
2.1.1.7 qaɭəsəm; qaəsəm ‘sour’ ...................................................................202
2.1.2 Loanwords from Puyuma to Paiwan Tᴊᴜᴀ and Pᴀᴄ............................204
2.1.2.1 d͡ʑəkəχaw; ɖ͡ʐəkəraw; ɟəkərav ‘Adam’s apple’................................206
2.1.2.2 sudaŋ ‘boat’ .....................................................................................207
2.1.2.3 daɭiʎ; daiʎ ‘bottle’ ...........................................................................209
2.1.3 Loanwords from Puyuma to Paiwan Bᴜᴛ and Pᴀᴄ.............................211
2.1.3.1 katawa ‘papaya’...………………………..………………………...213
2.1.3.2 ͡tɕuviʎ; ͡tɕuvi-ɭi-ʎ ‘skirt’ ...................................................................214
2.1.4 Loanwords from Puyuma to Paiwan Kᴜʟ, Rᴀx, Bᴜᴛ, and Tᴊᴀᴠ.........216
2.1.4.1 ͡tɕabuɭuʎ; ͡tɕabuɣul ‘bladder’............................................................218
2.1.4.2 ɭubuk; ɣubuk; ʎubuʎubuk; lubulubuk; ɭupu ‘bag’...........................219
2.1.5 Loanwords from Puyuma to Paiwan Rᴀx, Pᴀᴄ, Sɪɴ, and Tᴊᴀᴠ...........221
2.1.5.1 ruvu; χuvu ‘bird nest’ ......................................................................223
2.1.5.2 ka͡tsaka͡ts ‘trousers’ ..........................................................................224
2.1.6 Loanwords from Puyuma to Paiwan Kᴜʟ, Sɪɴ, and Sᴀᴘ.....................226
2.1.6.1 biaw ‘deer’.......................................................................................228
2.1.7 Loanwords from Puyuma to Paiwan Kᴜʟ, Bᴜᴛ, Pᴀᴄ, Tᴊᴜᴀ, Sɪɴ, and
Tᴊᴀᴠ.....................................................................................................................229
2.1.7.1 qavucar; qavu͡tɕaʁ; qavu͡tɕaχ; qavu͡tɕar; ʔavucaɾ; qavu͡tɕaɭ ‘field
mouse; rat’..........................................................................................................231
2.1.7.2 ɡuŋ ‘cattle’.......................................................................................232
2.1.8 Loanwords from Puyuma to Paiwan Pᴀʏ ...........................................234
2.1.8.1 sədəŋ; sədəm ‘eyebrow’ ..................................................................236
2.1.8.2 kəŋkəŋ ‘mosquito’...........................................................................237
2.2 Paiwan and Puyuma shared lexical items with no clear direction of
borrowing............................................................................................................239
2.2.1 siaw: siaw ‘soup’ ................................................................................240
2.2.2 t<əm>əkəɭ: ʈ<əm>əkəɭ ‘drink (v.)’ .....................................................242
2.2.3 s<əm>naj: s<əm>ənaj ‘sing (v.)’........................................................244
2.2.4 ɟaɭut: daɭus ‘slippery’..........................................................................246
2.3 The direction of borrowing: From Paiwan to Puyuma ..........................248
2.3.1 ɟamuq: damuk ‘blood’........................................................................250
2.3.2 kava: kavaŋ ‘clothing’ ………………………………………………251
2.3.3 ɟaum: daʔum ‘needle’ ……………………………………………….253
2.3.4 qadupu; qaðupu; ʔadupu ‘paper’ ...………………………………….255
2.4 The direction of borrowing: From Paiwan/ Amis to Puyuma ...............257
2.4.1 ŋisŋis: ŋisŋis ‘beard’ ...........................................................................257
2.4.2 ŋadaj: ŋajaj ‘spittle; saliva’.................................................................259
2.5 The lexical items shared by Paiwan, Puyuma, and other Formosan
languages ............................................................................................................261
2.5.1 kamuraw: kamuraw ‘pomelo’.............................................................263
2.5.2 siak: siak ‘pumpkin’ ...........................................................................264
2.5.3 vadiw: padiw ‘mushroom’..................................................................266
2.5.4 buaŋ: buwaŋ ‘hole’.............................................................................268
2.5.5 cakurapaŋ: takurapaŋ ‘toad’ ...............................................................270
2.5.6 aɭaj: waɭaj ‘thread’..............................................................................272
2.5.7 ͡ts<əm>apa: ʈ<əm>apa ‘bake (in the stones); roast’............................274
3 Contact with Other Austronesian languages in Taiwan ...................................279
4 Summary ..........................................................................................................281
Chapter 7: Conclusion................................................................................................282
1 Summary ..........................................................................................................282
2 Limitations and future research........................................................................284
References..................................................................................................................285
Appendix I: Reflexes of Proto-Austronesian etyma in Proto-Paiwan………………290
Appendix II: Comparative Paiwan word list………………………………………..299











                                

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