台灣國語表達性別認同與行為詞語的語意和詞彙演變

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研究生：	楊曜璘 Yang, Yao-lin
論文名稱：	台灣國語表達性別認同與行為詞語的語意和詞彙演變 Semantic and Lexical Change of Expressions of Sexualities in Taiwan Mandarin Chinese
指導教授：	廖秀娟
口試委員:	曹逢甫唐琦霞
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所 Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	121
中文關鍵詞：	語意演變、詞彙演變、性徵、性別認同
外文關鍵詞：	semantic change, lexical change, sexuality, sexual identity
相關次數：	點閱：3 下載：0
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本論文旨在探討台灣國語中表達性別認同與行為的詞語的語意和詞彙演變。論文中,筆者將表達性別認同與行為相關的詞語分為下列兩類:(1)與性別認同相關的詞語,(2)與情慾相關的詞語。
在討論性別認同相關詞語時,筆者考量了現代指涉同性戀的詞語,以男、女同性戀表達自我認同的詞語,並觀察這些詞語出現在報紙上的逐年詞頻變化。經過整體的觀察與比較這些詞語便會發現許多詞語即便能指涉類似的概念,這些詞語在報紙上首次出現與活躍的時間、適用的語境、甚至是使用者或聽者認定的含意,皆不盡相同。例如,同性戀、同志、玻璃、酷兒、以及斷背都能指涉「同性戀」這個概念,但是這些詞語的發展以及使用頻率差距甚大。
而在討論情慾相關的詞語時,筆者主要考量與男、女同性戀者間性行為相關的詞語。逐年觀察這些詞語的使用便會發現這些指涉同性性行為的詞語無論是使用於什麼時代、什麼地區、或是針對什麼族群,都用了許多的比喻 (metaphor)。例如,將同性性行為比喻成器物或其他動作(包括「磨豆腐」與「雞姦」),以及以象形的方式來描述同性間的性行為(包括 10 與 69)。
本論文以時序排列的方式來討論各類指涉不同性別的詞語之演變。藉由時序排列的方式來研究各種性別的詞語,總共得到下列五個發現:第一,同志族群本身創造了許多新詞語(包括拉子、同志)。第二,社會常規與歷史背景在性別相關詞語的語意演變上扮演了重要的角色。第三,在指涉性別的詞語中能觀察到多意(polysemy)的現象,且多意在語意演變上是個相當重要的階段。第四,有許多策略能夠創造表達性別的新詞語,包括比喻(metaphor)、借入 (borrowing)、逆構詞(back-formation)等等。最後,即便強勢主流文化對表達性別的詞語已有固定的詮釋方法,性別少數族群對這些詞語仍會有特別的詮釋方法。

This thesis aims to examine lexical and semantic change of terms expressing sexuality in Taiwan Mandarin. Various categories of sexuality expressions in Taiwan Mandarin are discussed: (1) expressions related to sexual identity; (2) expressions related to sexual desire.
In order to discuss expressions related to sexual identity, I compare the frequency of use of several modern expressions of homosexual and expressions that lesbian and gay used to express their own identities on the newspaper. By observing and comparing terms expressing homosexual through years, we can find out that even though several expressions are used to express a similar idea, they have been created in different periods, used in different contexts, and/or identified with different connotations. For instance, 同性戀 tongxinglian, 同志 tongzhi, 玻璃 boli, 酷兒 kuer, and 斷背 duanbei can be used to refer to homosexual, but their developments, frequency, and popularity are greatly different.
In order to discuss expressions related to sexual desire, terms related to lesbian and gay’s sexual behavior or tools are considered. By observing the use of such terms through years, we can find out that there are a number of metaphorical uses related to homosexual’s sexual behavior regardless of when, where, and to which group these terms are used. For example, metaphors include the simile of sexual behavior with certain instruments or other actions (e.g. 磨豆腐
mo-doufu and 雞姦 jijian) and the use of pictographic description (e.g. 10 yi-ling and 69 liou-jiou).
Change in different categories of expressions referring to different sexualities are ordered according to chronological order and discussed in this thesis. Through studying the development of sexuality expressions diachronically, some observations can be made. First, several new expressions (e.g. 拉子 lazi and 同志 tongzhi) are created by homosexual people. Second, social practice and historical background can play a role in semantic change of terms expressing sexuality. Third, polysemy, an important stage in semantic change, can be found in semantic change of terms expressing sexuality. Fourth, various kinds of strategies are employed to create new terms for expressing sexuality, including metaphor, borrowing, back-formation, etc. Finally, although the interpretations of terms expressing sexuality may be fixed by the dominant mainstream culture, minority communities may still have their own unique interpretations of these terms.

Table of Contents
Chinese Abstract .............................................................................................................i    
   English Abstract............................................................................................................ ii    
   Acknowledgments........................................................................................................ iii    
   Chapter 1:    
      Introduction ...............................................................................................1    
1.1.    
   1.2.    
   1.3.    
Motivation........................................................................................................1    
   Data and Methodology.....................................................................................2    
   Organization of the Thesis ...............................................................................3    
Chapter 2:    
      Literature Review......................................................................................4    
   2.1.    
   Definitions........................................................................................................4    
2.1.1.    
   2.1.2.    
   2.1.3.    
   2.1.4.    
Sexuality ...................................................................................................4    
   Tongzhi .....................................................................................................4    
   Gay ............................................................................................................5    
   Queer theory..............................................................................................5    
2.2.    
      Language Related to Sexuality and Desire ......................................................6    
   2.2.1.    
      Language and Sexuality ............................................................................6    
2.2.1.1.    
   2.2.1.2.    
   2.2.1.3.    
   2.2.1.4.    
Phase 1: 1920s~40s..........................................................................10    
   Phase 2: 1950s~60s..........................................................................10    
   Phase 3: 1970s~mid-1990s ..............................................................11    
   Phase 4: 1990s-present.....................................................................12    
2.2.2.    
      Language and Desire...............................................................................15    
   2.3.    
      Semantic and Lexical Change........................................................................17    
   2.3.1.    
      Classification of Semantic Change .........................................................17    
   2.3.2.    
      Sources of Lexical Change .....................................................................22    
   2.4.    
      Word Meaning and Social Practice................................................................24    
   Chapter 3:    
      Lexical and Semantic Changes of Sexual Identity Expressions .............26    
   3.1.    
   Introduction....................................................................................................26    
   3.2.    
      Expressions of LGBT People.........................................................................26    
   3.2.1.    
      Introduction to Terms Expressing LGBT People ...................................26    
    
   vi 3.2.2.    
      Change of Terms Expressing LGBT People...........................................27    
3.2.2.1.    
   3.2.2.2.    
   3.2.2.3.    
   3.2.2.4.    
   3.2.2.5.    
   3.2.2.6.    
同性戀 tongxinglian ........................................................................27    
   同志 tongzhi.....................................................................................34    
   玻璃 boli ..........................................................................................44    
   酷兒 kuer .........................................................................................48    
   斷背 duanbei....................................................................................56    
   A Brief Summary and Comparison..................................................61    
3.3.    
      Expressions of Gay’s Sexual Identity ............................................................63    
   3.3.1.    
      Change of Terms Expressing Gay’s Sexual Identity ..............................63    
   3.3.1.1.    
   Gay...................................................................................................64    
   3.4.    
      Expressions of Lesbian’s Sexual Identity ......................................................67    
   3.4.1.    
      Change of Terms Expressing Lesbian’s Sexual Identity ........................67    
   3.4.1.1.    
      拉子 lazi...........................................................................................67    
   Chapter 4:    
      Lexical and Semantic Changes of Sexual Desire Expressions ...............70    
   4.1.    
   Introduction....................................................................................................70    
   4.2.    
      Expressions of Gay’s Sexual Desire ..............................................................70    
   4.2.1.    
      Introduction to Terms Expressing Gay’s Sexual Desire.........................71    
   4.2.2.    
      Change of Terms Expressing Gay’s Sexual Desire ................................71    
4.2.2.1.    
   4.2.2.2.    
   4.2.2.3.    
   4.2.2.4.    
   4.2.2.5.    
   4.2.2.6.    
雞姦 jijian ........................................................................................71    
   肛交 gangjiao ..................................................................................76    
   1 號 yi-hao and 0 號 ling-hao..........................................................81    
   10 yi-ling ..........................................................................................89    
   69 liou-jiou.......................................................................................92    
   A Brief Summary and Comparison..................................................95    
4.3.    
      Expressions of Lesbian’s Sexual Desire ......................................................100    
   4.3.1.    
      Introduction to Terms Expressing Lesbian’s Sexual Desire.................100    
   4.3.2.    
      Change of Terms Expressing Lesbian’s Sexual Desire ........................101    
  
4.3.2.1.    
      磨豆腐 mo-doufu and 磨鏡 mo-jing ..............................................101    
  
    
      vii
4.3.2.2.    
      指險套 zhixiantao..........................................................................106    
   4.4.    
      Other Terms for Expressing Homosexual’s Sex..........................................110    
  
Chapter 5:    
      Conclusion.............................................................................................114    
   5.1.    
      Summary ......................................................................................................114    
   5.2.    
      Directions for Further Research...................................................................115    
  
References..................................................................................................................118    
                                

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