研究生: |
盧凡 Lu, Fran |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
濟世與營利的兩難:人類乳突病毒疫苗的藥物行銷 DILEMMA BETWEEN PUBLIC WELFARE AND BUSINESS PROFIT: MARKETING FOR HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) VACCINE |
指導教授: |
黎正中
LI, C.C. |
口試委員: | |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
科技管理學院 - 高階經營管理碩士在職專班 Executive Master of Business Administration(EMBA) |
論文出版年: | 2010 |
畢業學年度: | 98 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 65 |
中文關鍵詞: | 人類乳突病毒 、自願授權 、強制授權 、行銷策略 、子宮頸癌疫苗 |
外文關鍵詞: | human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer vaccine, marketing strategy, compulsory licensing, voluntary licensing |
相關次數: | 點閱:3 下載:0 |
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子宮頸癌為目前世界各國婦女最常見的癌症之一,傳統上以子宮頸抹片篩檢為主要之防治措施。於2006年6月8日,美國食品與藥物管理局核准默克藥廠製造生產的人類乳突病毒疫苗上市之後,這個名為嘉喜(GARDASIL®)的子宮頸癌疫苗,成為人類醫療史上第一種獲准上市用來預防癌症的疫苗,讓醫藥學界多年以來的願景:The beginning of the end for cervical cancer,得以逐步實現,也為子宮頸癌的防治開創了新的紀元。
然而,這個疫苗上市後的銷售卻面臨瓶頸,非但成績未如預期,而且遭到同質產品的激烈挑戰,默克藥廠本身也因為先前形象受損不良記錄、專利藥物即將過期、銷售衰退財務不佳與水平併購衝擊綜效等因素而陷入整體營運困境。
除此之外,子宮頸癌疫苗的藥物行銷,遭遇到行銷策略的限制與障礙,而疫苗的成本效用、安全顧忌與道德面向也是多方質疑的焦點。昂貴的疫苗價格更引發健康不平等與藥物可近性的熱烈爭議,進而導致各國政府對於全面公費施打政策的制訂與實施之延滯,甚至可能影響智慧財產權的保障。
依照個案方式,本論文經由人類乳突病毒疫苗的發展歷史與過程,深入分析默克藥廠子宮頸癌疫苗從2006年上市迄今所面臨的銷售難題與推廣困境,來探討藥廠行銷的營利目標與民眾健康的公共利益間之矛盾,並意圖提出可能採取的解決方法。
子宮頸癌是第一個能夠經由疫苗注射而能預防的癌症,子宮頸癌疫苗是第一個不具感染性的合成疫苗,如此耀眼的生技明星產品所衍生之道德與利益兩難,應由「專利的目的」、「企業的目的」與「醫學的目的」三個方面進行正本清源的省思,才不至於迷失了方向。
專利保護期是疫苗藥物銷售成功與否的重要關鍵,然而各國政府可能在「非營利之公益使用」條件下實施「強制授權」,以滿足廣大民意之需求並達到維護公共健康之政治目的。本論文認為:由於「自願授權」是實施「強制授權」前之先決要件,採取自願授權能夠佔據戰略高點,並經由自願授權的連結與發展,可將默克藥廠的「智慧財產」轉變為「智慧資本」,得以更高更遠的角度來看待價值創造流程,藉由協調整合的管理模式,營造「企業、社會、醫學」三贏的局面。
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide, and the traditional Pap smear screening is primarily used for preventive measures. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, marketed as Gardasil® by Merck & Co., Inc. (Merck), on June 8, 2006. This vaccine was the first of this type on the market, and the first prophylactic vaccine against cancers in medical history. Gardasil® initiated a new era in preventive medicine, deemed "the beginning of the end for cervical cancer".
However, after introducing the HPV vaccine to the market, Merck experienced a sales bottleneck. Profits did not meet expectations, and competitive challenges were strong. Several complex factors caused Merck serious business difficulties, including a public backlash to a negative lobbying campaign, out-of-patent products, weak finance due to declining sales and non-synergic impacts resulting from a horizontal business merger.
The current HPV vaccine has met marketing barriers and restrictions. The public questions the cost-utility, side-effects, and moral aspects of this vaccine. Some governments have withheld implementing public vaccination policies due to controversies involving health inequalities and drug accessibility arisen from the expensive vaccine price. Furthermore, with increasing demands for public health, Merck's intellectual property right protections might be threatened.
In this thesis, we will give the understanding of the natural history and developing progress of HPV and an in-depth analysis of Merck's challenges and difficulties in developing and marketing Gardasil® since it first hit the market in 2006. We'll discuss the conflicts between Merck's profit target and the public health benefits, and intend to propose possible solutions.
Cervical cancer is the first preventable cancer through vaccination and HPV vaccine, Gardasil®, is the first non-infectious synthetic vaccine. In despite of Gardasil® is such a unique and breakthrough biotechnology product, it still raises questions regarding moral obligations and business profits. We should first clarity the goals of patent, enterprise and medicine; then we can solve this dilemma and make an appropriate decision with clear conscience and ethical orientation.
Patent protection is the key factor for the market success of vaccines. Politically, however, governments might implement compulsory licensing on the basis of "nonprofit charity" (according to the Doha Declaration) to satisfy demand and preserve public health. Our findings indicate that because "voluntary licensing" is a necessary step before implementing "compulsory licensing", it could be a strategic advantage to adopt voluntary licensing. By developing and connecting voluntary licensing, Merck could transform their "intellectual assets" into "intellectual capital", which creates a lot more viewpoints to value-creation process. A win-win-win situation for enterprise, society and medicine would result from management model of coordinated integration.
第壹章 前言與困境
1.Merck & Co. - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_&_Co
2.Merck Executive Committee
http://www.merck.com/about/executive_committee/rtc.html
3.Aaron Smith, Merck taps insider for CEO:Manufacturing
chief Clark to take drugmaker's reins, succeeding the
retiring Gilmartin., May 5, 2005.
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4.Richard Clark (pharmacologist)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Clark_(Pharmacologist)
5.Official Vioxx Settlement
http://www.officialvioxxsettlement.com/
6.邵愛玫、徐麗娟、王蓉君、戴天慈、張燕惠、謝仁宗:
〈由Vioxx市場回收事件談起〉,藥物安全簡訊,第8卷,第4-7頁,
2004年12月。
7.台灣商業週刊:〈隱瞞藥物副作用 默沙東藥廠危在旦夕〉,
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8.J.A. DiMasi, R.W. Hansen, and H.G. Grabowski, The price
of Innovation, Journal of Health Economics 22, 151-185,
2003.
9.張惇雯、林裕閔:〈從Merck v Hitech探討專利有效期限〉,國立
雲林科技大學應用外語系,2007年。
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10.Merck 2008 Form 10-K
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11.Merck 2004 Form 10-K
http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/73/73184/10k/031105_MERCKCOINC10K.pdf
12.台灣人類乳突病毒網站TAIWAN HPV WEB
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13.Matthew Herper, Merck Faces Another Tough Year, Dec. 3, 2008.
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20.張啟:〈1+1>2的嘗試:跨國製藥巨頭掀起水平併購潮〉,南方日報,2009年3月19日。
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21.Matthew Herper, Glaxo Goes Head-To-Head With Merck, Jan. 18, 2007.
http://www.forbes.com/2007/01/17/cervical-cancer-drug-trial-bix-cz_mh_0118cancer.html
22.GlaxoSmithKline To Reduce Price Of HPV Vaccine Cervarix In South Africa, Dec. 5, 2008.
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23.SK cuts Cervarix price by 30% in Singapore, March 20, 2009.
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24.John Paul S, Cervical cancer vaccines market: Cervarix wins a major battle in the UK. Who is playing catch-up now? Jul. 11, 2008.
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25.Katrina Megget, Gardasil vs Cervarix - winner gets UK supply contract, Oct. 26, 2007.
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26.Matthew Dennis, UK chooses Cervarix over Gardasil. June 19, 2008.
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第貳章 人類乳突病毒
27. DaNelle N. Jenkins, College Females' Sexual Knowledge, Beliefs and Behaviors Related to the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus., Thesis for the degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION in the Division of Human Services of the College of Education, Criminal Justice & Human Services of the University of Cincinnati, 2005.
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28. Fornaciari G, Zavaglia K, Giusti L, Vultaggio C, Ciranni R.,Human papillomavirus in a 16th century mummy. Lancet. 2003; Oct 4; 362(9390): 116.
29. Kieron Leslie and Nick Levell, Skin disease from Ancient Egypt to Renaissance Italy: A review of Mummies! Institute of Paleodermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, United Kingdom., 2004.
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30. Meisels A & Fortin R., Condylomatous lesions of the cervix and vagina., Acta Cytol. 20:505-9, 1976.
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31. Harald zur Hausen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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32. 曾志仁編著:〈人類乳突病毒與子宮頸癌防治〉。行政院衛生署國民健康局子宮頸癌預防宣導教材,2008年。
33. Eileen F. Dunne, Elizabeth R. Unger, Maya Sternberg, Geraldine McQuillan, David C. Swan, Sonya S. Patel, Lauri E. Markowitz, Prevalence of HPV Infection Among Females in the United States, JAMA. 2007;297:813-819.
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34. Genital HPV Infection - CDC Fact Sheet
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35. IARC confirms efficacy of cervix cancer screening for women 25-65 in reducing mortality, International Agency for Research on Cancer PRESS RELEASE 3/5/2004.
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36. Yang BH, Bray FI, Parkin DM, Sellors JW, Zhang ZF., Cervical cancer as a priority for prevention in different world regions: an evaluation using years of life lost., Int J Cancer. 2004; Apr 10;109(3):418-24.
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44. Peter Delves, Seamus Martin, Dennis Burton & Ivan Roitt, Roitt's Essential Immunology, 11th edition, Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
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第參章 人類乳突病毒疫苗
49. W Martin Kast, The immunology behind HPV vaccine development, 2005.
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50. Caroline McNeil, Who Invented the VLP Cervical Cancer Vaccines?, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 98, No. 7, April 5, 2006.
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第肆章 醫藥行銷理論
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58. 彼得.杜拉克(Peter F. Drucker)著:《杜拉克-管理的使命、管理的責任、管理的實務》,天下雜誌,2002年2月5日中譯版。
59. 張煥禎、張威國著:《醫療行銷管理學》,華杏出版機構,2005。
60. 張廣赦:〈台灣現行醫療行銷之商業倫理探究〉,國立中央大學哲學研究所碩士論文,2007年。
61. 李宗儒著:《行銷管理─觀念活用與實務應用》,三民書局,2004年。
62. Marketing mix
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_mix
63. 4Ps營銷理論
http://wiki.mbalib.com/w/index.php?title=4Ps%E8%90%A5%E9%94%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&variant=zh-tw
64. 龔榮太:〈畜產界運用跨業行銷聯盟之探討〉,財團法人中央畜產會畜產專論,2006年。
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65. 樊一平:〈藥品行銷組合策略與醫師處方行為之關聯性研究〉,國立中正大學管理研究所EMBA碩士論文,2007年。
66. 黃政欽:〈非營利組織策略行銷法律規範之探討--以醫療廣告為例〉,國立陽明大學醫務管理研究所碩士論文,2004年。
67. Beckham, Dan., 20 Years of Health Care Marketing., Health Forum Journal, 15273547, Jul/Aug 2001, Vol. 44, Issue 4.
68. 賽斯•高汀(Seth Godin)著,梁曙娟譯:《紫牛-讓產品自己說故事》,商智出版社,2003年10月28日。
第伍章 默克藥廠的行銷組合
69. 程馨:〈生技製藥產業價值鏈及政府藥價控管政策〉,中華民國開發性製藥研究協會,2006年5月。
70. Belch & Belch, Advertising & Promotion, An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspective, 7th Edition, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 2007.
71. 中央社:〈子宮頸癌疫苗 國際專家認價格是大挑戰〉,2008年8月28日。
http://www.cna.com.tw/SearchNews/doDetail.aspx?q=%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E9%A0%B8%E7%99%8C%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&id=200808280260
72. 黃興進、洪萬富、洪銘建、沈思玲:〈影響台灣地區製藥廠採用供應鏈管理之關鍵因素〉.《資訊管理展望》,第6卷,第1期,2004年3月。
http://jim.im.tku.edu.tw/fulltext/6-1/1.pdf
73. Merck Authorized Distributors
http://www.merck.com/product/distributors/home.html
74. Merck's Direct Purchase
https://www.merckvaccines.com/srv/gw/login/login.jsp
75. Parents want HPV shots, but can’t find them, The Associated Press, Aug. 29, 2006.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14572691/
76. 衛署醫字第0900072518號公告:〈醫療機構及醫事人員發布醫學新知或研究報告倫理守則〉,2001年11月22日。
77. 衛署醫字第0900071404號公告:〈醫療機構接受媒體採訪注意事項〉,2001年11月1日。
78. 醫療法 (民國98年1月7日修正),法務部全國法規資料庫。
http://law.moj.gov.tw/Scripts/Query1A.asp?no=1L0020021&K1=%C2%E5%C0%F8%AAk&KeyWordID=&KCDate=
79. 徐美苓、劉淑瓊:〈醫療機構提供醫療品質資訊的現況與檢討〉•《全民健保與醫療品質》,第223-263頁,行政院衛生署,2004年10月。
80. 尤格.布雷希(Jorg Blech)著,張志成譯:《發明疾病的人:現代醫療產業如何賣掉我們的健康》,左岸文化出版社,2004年9月3日。
81. George Koroneos, Merck Takes Top Honors At PhAME Awards, May 7, 2008.
http://pharmexec.findpharma.com/pharmexec/Marketing+News/Merck-Takes-Top-Honors-At-PhAME-Awards/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/515006
第陸章 實務與爭議:為何無法綻放光芒?
82. Scharitzer, D., and C. Kollarits., Satisfied customers: Profitable customer relationships: Pharmaceutical marketing: How pharmaceutical sales representatives can achieve economic success through relationship management with settled general practitioners-an empirical study. Total Quality Management, pp.S955-S965. Vol.11(7), 2000.
83. 蔣曉秋:〈影響醫師處方藥品的重購意願之探討〉,義守大學管理研究所碩士論文,2002。
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