Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) becomes a commonly awarded disease recently. Over 40,000 patients chronic renal failure (uremia) accept the treatment of health insurance and besides the CKD is ranked at the 8th in the ten major causes of 2007.
The risk factors of CKD, including diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, are described consistently in the literature. On the contrary, it is seldom studied on the lifestyle factors of CKD, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, betelnut chewing.
The thesis studies the joint risk factors in a population-based cohort. Compared with single risk factors, diabetes (odds ratio 1.73), hypertension (odds ratio 2.25), the odds ratio of joint risk factors gets higher, the odds ratios of smoking associated with diabetes and hypertension are 2.65 and 3.61, respectively. Furthermore, the odds ratios of drinking with diabetes and hypertension are 2.67 and 2.86, respectively. We observe that the odds ratios of multiple risk factors are higher than single risk factors. That is, the risk of CKD will increase dramatically if a patient of chronic diabetes or hypertension disease has a bad habit of smoking and/or drinking.

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[Wiki1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease
[Wiki2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate
[Wiki3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio
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