在核電廠除役過渡階段中冷卻系統組件之微生物腐蝕

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研究生：	林辰澐 Lin, Chen-Yun
論文名稱：	在核電廠除役過渡階段中冷卻系統組件之微生物腐蝕 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in the Coolant System Components During the Decommissioning Transition Phase of Nuclear Power Plants
指導教授：	葉宗洸 Yeh, Tsung-Kuang 王美雅 Wang, Mei-Ya
口試委員:	藍貫哲 Lan, Kuan-Che 黃俊源 Huang, Jiunn-Yuan
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	原子科學院 - 核子工程與科學研究所 Nuclear Engineering and Science
論文出版年：	2024
畢業學年度：	112
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	150
中文關鍵詞：	除役過渡階段、微生物腐蝕、硫酸鹽還原菌、碳鋼、敏化304不銹鋼
外文關鍵詞：	Decommissioning transition phase, microbiologically influenced corrosion, sulfate reducing bacteria, carbon steel, sensitized 304 stainless steel
相關次數：	點閱：47 下載：0
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在核電廠中，冷卻系統是維持安全運轉的重要組件。冷卻系統的主要材料是碳鋼和不銹鋼，在運轉過程中這些材料可能遭遇均勻腐蝕或局部腐蝕的問題，其中，均勻腐蝕常使用腐蝕抑制劑來減緩，局部腐蝕則可能導致非預期的材料損壞並引起安全性的疑慮，微生物腐蝕即屬於此種腐蝕機制。而在核電廠除役過渡階段中，用過核燃料池的輻射劑量以及熱源強度不足以完全抑制微生物的生長，因此存在微生物腐蝕損害的可能性。
厭氧硫酸鹽還原菌是微生物腐蝕議題中廣泛研究的對象，因此本研究將在核電廠用過核燃料池水中可能的環境條件下培養硫酸鹽還原菌，針對溫度梯度、低劑量輻射以及液面擾動等因素進行調整，觀察其對微生物生長的影響，以及對於碳鋼和熱敏化304不銹鋼的微生物腐蝕行為。在實驗中，透過質量改變數據、表面分析技術和電化學量測分析在硫酸鹽還原菌培養不同天數後探討其腐蝕行為和電化學特性。結果表明，材料表面的生物膜由細胞外聚合物和微生物菌群組成，會抑制材料的均勻腐蝕，而在培養過程中不均勻生物膜的形成則造成局部離子濃度和細胞呼吸作用受到影響，導致局部腐蝕發生。不同溫度梯度下的微生物腐蝕在敏化304不銹鋼上差異並不明顯，在碳鋼上則以溫度40°C下有較嚴重的腐蝕情形；在培養期間以輻射照射亦會影響SRB的生長活動與生物膜形貌而導致不同的腐蝕行為；而液面的微小擾動則會使腐蝕更傾向呈現孔蝕的型態。

In nuclear power plants, the cooling system is a critical component for maintaining safe operation. The main materials of coolant system are carbon steel and stainless steel, and these materials may encounter issues of either uniform or localized corrosion during operation. Uniform corrosion is usually treated with corrosion inhibitors. However, localized corrosion may lead to unexpected material damage and cause safety concerns. Among them, microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is an unavoidable problem. In the transition phase of decommissioning of nuclear power plants, the thermal and radiation intensity released by low-level radioactive waste is not enough to completely inhibit the growth of microbes and still has the possibility of MIC damage.
Anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) has been extensively studied as one of the significant bacteria in anaerobic MIC research. In this study, SRB were cultured under potential environmental conditions found in spent nuclear fuel pool water, with adjustments for factors like temperature gradients, low-dose radiation, and vibration, to observe their effects on microbial growth and corrosion behavior on carbon steel and thermally affected sensitized 304 stainless steel. Through mass change data, surface analysis techniques, and electrochemical analyses conducted on the different day of SRB incubation, the corrosion behavior and electrochemical properties were investigated. Results indicated that the presence of biofilms composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial communities on material surfaces inhibited uniform corrosion, while the formation of uneven biofilms led to localized corrosion due to localized concentration effects and cellular respiration. MIC on sensitized 304 stainless steel did not show significant differences under different temperature, but more severe corrosion was observed on carbon steel at 40°C. Additionally, different growth activities and biofilm distribution of SRB leading to varied MIC behaviors were observed depending on the radiation exposure during the incubation period. The introduction of minor vibration factors tended to promote a more pitting corrosion morphology.

摘要--------------------------------------------------------------i
Abstract----------------------------------------------------------ii
致謝--------------------------------------------------------------iv
目錄--------------------------------------------------------------v
表目錄------------------------------------------------------------ix
圖目錄------------------------------------------------------------xi
第1章 緒論 --------------------------------------------------------1
第2章 文獻回顧-----------------------------------------------------3
1 腐蝕理論 ------------------------------------------------------3
1.1 電位-酸鹼圖(Pourbaix diagram) -------------------------------3
1.2 混合電位理論(Mixed potential theory)-------------------------4
1.3 電化學動力學Butler-Volmer方程及Tafel方程----------------------5
1.4 電位-電流圖(Evan’s diagram)與極化曲線(Polarization curve)-----7
2 腐蝕性微生物---------------------------------------------------9
2.1 硫酸鹽還原菌(Sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)-----------------9
2.2 硝酸鹽還原菌(Nitrate-reducing bacteria, NRB)-----------------12
2.3 產酸菌(Acid-producing bacteria, APB)------------------------12
2.4 古菌(Archaea)-----------------------------------------------12
2.5 金屬氧化菌(Metal-oxidizing microbes) ------------------------13
2.6 產甲烷菌(Methanogens) ---------------------------------------13
2.7 真菌(Fungi)-------------------------------------------------13
3 生物膜 --------------------------------------------------------14
4 微生物腐蝕-----------------------------------------------------16
4.1 陰極去極化理論(Cathodic depolarization theory, CDT)----------16
4.2 氧濃差電池理論(Oxygen concentration cell theory)-------------17
4.3 細胞外電子轉移移(Extracellular electron transfer, EET)-------19
4.4 代謝物腐蝕(Metabolite-MIC)-----------------------------------22
4.5 生物降解 (Biodegradation-MIC, BD-MIC)------------------------22
5 微生物生長曲線-------------------------------------------------23
6 培養環境對於微生物腐蝕之影響------------------------------------25
6.1 輻射對於微生物腐蝕之影響--------------------------------------25
6.2 擾動對於微生物腐蝕的影響--------------------------------------27
第3章 實驗方法與材料------------------------------------------------30
1 實驗方法與流程-------------------------------------------------30
2 實驗設置-------------------------------------------------------32
2.1 菌株活化與培養-----------------------------------------------32
2.2 待測試片製備-------------------------------------------------33
2.3 浸沒實驗-----------------------------------------------------34
2.4 照射條件設置-------------------------------------------------35
3 實驗結果分析方法------------------------------------------------35
3.1 敏化程度測試-------------------------------------------------35
3.2 生物膜形貌與厚度觀察------------------------------------------37
3.3 質量改變與表面腐蝕形貌觀察-------------------------------------37
3.4 電化學分析---------------------------------------------------38
4 實驗儀器-------------------------------------------------------39
4.1 光發射光譜儀(OES)---------------------------------------------39
4.2 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)與能量色散X射線光譜(EDS)-------------------39
4.3 鈷六十照射場--------------------------------------------------40
第4章 結果與討論----------------------------------------------------41
1 敏化程度分析----------------------------------------------------41
2 溫度條件對於微生物腐蝕之影響-------------------------------------42
2.1 溫度55°C下SRB菌的微生物腐蝕情形--------------------------------43
2.1.1 溫度55°C下敏化304 SS之質量變化------------------------------43
2.1.2 溫度55°C下敏化304 SS之表面腐蝕形貌---------------------------44
2.1.3 溫度55°C下敏化304 SS之電化學行為分析-------------------------54
2.1.4 溫度55°C下CS之質量變化--------------------------------------58
2.1.5 溫度55°C下CS之表面腐蝕形貌----------------------------------60
2.1.6 溫度55°C下CS之電化學行為分析--------------------------------67
2.2 溫度梯度對微生物腐蝕的影響-------------------------------------73
2.2.1 不同溫度下敏化304 SS之質量改變差異---------------------------73
2.2.2 不同溫度下敏化304 SS之表面腐蝕形貌差異-----------------------74
2.2.3 不同溫度下敏化304 SS之電化學行為差異-------------------------78
2.2.4 不同溫度下CS之質量改變差異-----------------------------------81
2.2.5 不同溫度下CS之表面腐蝕形貌差異-------------------------------82
2.2.6 不同溫度下CS之電化學行為差異---------------------------------87
3 輻射對於微生物腐蝕之影響-----------------------------------------90
3.1 溫度40°C下輻射劑量對質量變化之影響-----------------------------90
3.2 溫度40°C下輻射劑量對表面腐蝕形貌之影響--------------------------92
3.3 溫度40°C下輻射劑量對電化學行為之影響---------------------------100
3.4 溫度55°C下輻射劑量對質量變化之影響-----------------------------107
3.5 溫度55°C下輻射劑量對表面腐蝕形貌之影響--------------------------109
3.6 溫度55°C下輻射劑量對電化學行為之影響---------------------------117
4 微小擾動對於微生物腐蝕之影響-------------------------------------124
4.1 微小擾動環境下敏化304 SS之質量變化-----------------------------124
4.2 微小擾動環境下敏化304 SS之表面腐蝕形貌-------------------------125
4.3 微小擾動環境下敏化304 SS之電化學行為分析------------------------128
4.4 微小擾動環境下CS之質量變化-------------------------------------131
4.5 微小擾動環境下CS之表面腐蝕形貌---------------------------------132
4.6 微小擾動環境下CS之電化學行為分析-------------------------------135
第5章 結論與未來規劃------------------------------------------------138
參考文獻-----------------------------------------------------------140

                                

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