研究生: |
賴筠琇 Lai, Yun-Hsiou |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
香水的智慧財產權保護——以商標法為中心 Intellectual Property Protection of Fragrance -Focus on Trademark Law |
指導教授: |
李紀寬
Li, Gi-Kuan |
口試委員: |
范建得
Fan, Chien-Te 楊芝青 Yang, Chih-Ching |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
科技管理學院 - 科技法律研究所 Institute of Law for Science and Technology |
論文出版年: | 2024 |
畢業學年度: | 112 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 94 |
中文關鍵詞: | 香水 、非傳統商標 、氣味商標 、識別性 、美學功能性 、陰影混淆 、氣味耗盡 、立體商標 、顏色商標 |
外文關鍵詞: | perfume, non-traditional trademarks, scent trademarks, recognition, aesthetic functionality, shadow confusion, scent exhaustion, three-dimensional trademarks, color trademarks |
相關次數: | 點閱:2 下載:0 |
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香水係由調香師所創造出來的作品,於時尚產業中扮演相當重要的一部分且創造龐大經濟價值。一瓶香水從設計、調配、製作到送到消費者手中的過程中,其中有許多不同態樣的智慧財產權保護於其中,本文以商標權作為主軸分析香水由內而外的各部分與可能適用之非傳統商標態樣,包含氣味、立體及顏色商標。
本文將以定義香水,接著介紹香水於時尚產業中扮演之角色及其重要性。因本文由非傳統商標作為主要討論之智慧財產權態樣,故先討論智慧財產法中,就商標與商業外觀、著作權、專利及營業秘密依序對香水各個部分可能給予的保護方式。接著就香水最重要的部分—氣味—討論能否註冊成為氣味商標。雖我國《非傳統商標審查基準》已明文規定香水因具有功能性,不得註冊成為氣味商標;但本文仍就氣味商標註冊要件、先天及後天識別性、傳統及美學功能性、整理先前相關案例及從法理上說明各要件分析香水被保護之可能性。在討論顏色商標時,會討論是否產生陰影混淆及顏色耗盡之可能而不得註冊。因氣味和顏色本質上類似,氣味同樣應有前述之討論之適用。本文主張:因其性質香水應適用陰影混淆原則但氣味不應有耗盡原則之適用。討論完香水氣味後,就香水外觀部分探討保護可能性:包含香水瓶身申請立體商標之成功案例與核駁原因、香水外包裝及香水顏色本身申請顏色商標之要件及實務案例。最後,本文綜合整理各該部分與智慧財產權之保護可能性,就香水的各個部分提出能否獲得非傳統商標之保護部分及原因。
Perfumes are creations by perfumers and play a significant role in the fashion industry, generating substantial economic value. From design, blending, production, to delivery to consumers, various forms of intellectual property protection are involved. This thesis focuses on trademark to analyze the various parts of a perfume from the inside out and the possible application of non-traditional trademarks, including scent, three-dimensional, and color trademarks.
This thesis starts with defining perfume, followed by an introduction to the role and importance of perfume in fashion industry. Since the main focus of this thesis is non-traditional trademarks, it will first discuss the potential intellectual property protections for different parts of a perfume, including trademarks and trade dress, copyright, patent, and trade secret. Then, it will discuss whether the most critical part of a perfume, scent, can be registered as a scent trademark. Although the “Examination Guidelines for Non-Traditional Trademarks” in our country explicitly state that perfumes cannot be registered as scent trademarks due to their functionality, this thesis will still analyze the possibility of protection by examining the requirements for scent trademark registration, inherent and acquired distinctiveness, traditional and aesthetic functionality, summarizing previous relevant cases, and explaining each requirement from a legal perspective.
When discussing color trademarks, the thesis will consider whether there is a likelihood of shade confusion and the possibility of color depletion that may prevent registration. Since scents and colors are inherently similar, the aforementioned discussions should also apply to scents. Due to its nature, the principle of shade confusion should apply to perfumes, but the principle of color depletion should not apply to scents. After discussing the scent of perfumes, the thesis will explore the possibility of protecting the appearance of perfumes, including successful registered cases and reasons for refusal of three-dimensional trademark applications for perfume bottles, the requirements and practical cases for applying color trademarks to perfume packaging and the color of the perfume itself. Finally, the thesis will comprehensively summarize the possible protections for various parts of perfumes under intellectual property law and concludes on whether the different parts of perfumes can be protected by non-traditional trademarks and the reasons for such protection.
參考文獻
壹、 中文部分
一、 書籍
Mandy Aftel(著),邱維珍(譯),(2002),《香水的感官之旅:鑑賞與深度運用》,商周。
陳文吟(2012),《商標法論》,修訂四版,三民。
陳昭華(2018),《商標法理論與實務》,修訂四版,元照。
陳昭華、王敏銓(2022),《商標法之理論與實務》,修訂六版,元照。
葉若維(2011),《格拉斯的小香水師》,頁158-160,遠景。
謝銘洋(2020),《智慧財產權法》,修訂十版,元照。
二、 書之篇章
陳匡正(2020),〈商標功能性與識別性之關聯性研究-從智慧財產法院107年度民商上易字第3號判決談起〉,《商標法體系研究-商標形成、善意先使用與侵權議題評析》,臺北:元照。
陳匡正(2017),〈商標售後混淆誤認爭議之研究—從智慧財產法院104年度民商上字第13號民事判決開始談起〉,《智慧財產評論》,14卷2期,頁1-41。
三、 期刊
王敏銓(2014),〈美國商標法上之識別性研究〉,《智慧財產權月刊》,67期,頁88-89。
林利芝(2014),〈Qualitex Company v. Jacobson Products Company, Inc.(三)-美國商標法以單一顏色作為商標之經典案例〉,《台灣法學雜誌》,249期,頁219-228。
林洲富(2005),〈顏色、立體及聲音商標於法律上保護-兼論我國商標法相關修正規定〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,120期,頁101-126。
姚信安,〈從白花油案談氣味商標之難關--智慧財產法院105年度行商訴字第41號行政判決評析〉,《台灣法學雜誌》,第333期,2017年12月,頁11-22。
洪佳蓮,〈「嗅」出這一味--從歐盟與美國商標法制探討氣味商標之運作--兼論我國新審查基準下氣味商標發展趨勢〉,《中華國際法與超國界法評論》,第15期,2019年12月,頁191-216。
許炳華(2015),〈商標法之美感功能性理論-以美國Christian Louboutin S.A. v. Yves Saint Laurent America Holding案為探討核心〉,《中正財經法學》,10期,頁53-105。
許曉芬(2012),〈從法國法院幾則判決談我國以著作權保護香水的可能性〉,《智慧財產權月刊》,167期,頁74-90。
陳匡正(2017),〈商標售後混淆誤認爭議之研究—從智慧財產法院104年度民商上字第13號民事判決開始談起〉,《智慧財產評論》,14卷2期,頁1-39。
曾勝珍(2014),〈記憶中的味道--氣味商標之研究〉,《中原財經法學》,第32期,頁2-58。
黃心怡(2018),〈美得太過火?—論美國聯邦上訴法院對美感功能性原則之歧見〉,《台灣法學雜誌》,335期,頁1-10。
蔡億達(2022),〈售後混淆理論在商標法與公平交易法的交錯——以智慧財產及商業法院109年度民公上字第3號判決為例〉,《月旦會計實務研究》,59期,頁94-100。
四、 學位論文
呂靜怡(2016),《商業外觀的商標權保護以美感功能性為中心》,國立交通大學科技法律學程碩士論文(未出版),新竹。
周怡君(2020),《顏色商標之混淆誤認 -以美國與我國之實務判決為中心》,國立臺北科技大學智慧財產權研究所碩士論文(未出版),台北。
洪祥維(2012),《氣味商標之研究》,嶺東科技大學財經法律研究所碩士論文(未出版),台中。
曾淑婷(1995),《氣味商標之研究》,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文(未出版),台北。
黃馨葦(2012),《顏色商標功能性理論之研究-以時尚產業為中心》,世新大學,智慧財產權研究所(含碩專班)碩士論文(未出版),台北。
鄧盛琦(2007),《美國立體商標之功能性原則—兼評析我國立體商標審查實務》,國立交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文(未出版),新竹。
鍾文菁(2016),《非傳統商標之研究—以立體商標為中心》,國立中興大學法律學系科技法律碩士論文,台中。
貳、 英文部分
一、 書籍
MCCARTHY, J. THOMAS, MCCARTHY ON TRADEMARKS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION, vols. 1 & 4 (5th ed. 2019).
LEVIN, WILLIAM E., TRADE DRESS PROTECTION, vol. 1 (2d ed. 2022).
CALLMANN, RUDOLF, CALLMANN ON UNFAIR COMPETITION, vol. 6 (4th ed. 2024).
二、 期刊
Calboli, Irene, Betty Boop and the Return of Aesthetic Functionality: A Bitter Medicine Against 'Mutant Copyrights'?, EUR. INTELL. PROP. REV. 81(2014).
Chai, Moon-Ki, Protection of Fragrances Under the Post-Sale Confusion Doctrine, 80 TRADEMARK REP. 368 (1990).
Churovich, Douglas D., Scents, Sense or Cents? Something Stinks in the Lanham Act, 20 ST. LOUIS U. PUB. L. REV. 293 (2001).
Cronin, Charles, Lost and Found: Intellectual Property of the Fragrance Industry; from Trade Secret to Trade Dress, 5 NYU J. INTELL. PROP. & ENT. L. 256 (2015).
Elias, Bettina Do Scents Signify Source? --an Argument Against Trademark Protection for Fragrances, 82 TRADEMARK REP. 475 (1992).
Franck, Vigneron, & Johnson, Lester W, Measuring Perceptions of Brand Luxury, J BRAND MANAG 11, 484 (2004).
Hammersley, Faye M., The Smell of Success: Trade Dress Protection for Scent Marks, 2 MARQ. INTELL. PROP. L. REV. 105 (1998).
Hawes, James E., Fragrances as Trademarks, 79 TRADEMARK REP. 149 (1989).
Landau, Michael B., Trademark Protection for Color Per Se After Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.: Another Grey Area in the Law, 2 UCLA ENT. L. REV. 1 (1995).
Reimer, Erin M., A Semiotic Analysis: Developing A New Standard for Scent Marks, 14 VAND. J. ENT. & TECH. L. 693 (2012).
參、 網路資料
一、 中文
Chiao Hung(2024),〈LV路易威登2020年新香水「Heures d'Absence」,隔了93年重現品牌1927年的第一支香水,茉莉搭上玫瑰在經典中有新意〉,載於:https://www.marieclaire.com.tw/beauty/perfume-and-nails/48282 (最後瀏覽日:2024年7月23日)。
Floroma,《香水居然能預防古時瘟疫黑死病?!》,載於:https://floroma.net/zh-taiwan/blogs/perfumeknowledge/article-3(最後瀏覽日:2024年7月23日)。
Heaven Raven,《BYREDO 賣的不是香氛,而是一種永恆》,載於:https://www.heavenraven.com/2020/06/02/byredo-perfume-ben-gorham/ (最後瀏覽日:2024年7月23日)。
HOW SOUL,《一次搞懂香水歷史,香水原來不只是女人專用!》,載於:https://howsoul.io/article/EQ2pP726X(最後瀏覽日:2024年7月23日)。
十氛酒粒(2022),《LE LABO 33 最強平替開箱:MAISON LOUIS MARIE No.04 Bois de Balincour 秘密森林|檀香木質調 BETTLE》,載於:https://tenoutofjulli.pixnet.net/blog/post/59289511(最後瀏覽日:2024年7月23日)。
章忠信,〈全面恢復著作權登記制度此其時也〉,載於:http://www.copyrightnote.org/ArticleContent.aspx?ID=2&aid=432(最後瀏覽日:2024年7月23日)。
經濟部智慧財產局商標主題網(2012),《立體、顏色及聲音審查基準》,載於:https://topic.tipo.gov.tw/trademarks-tw/dl-260230-1efdeea01f444051b15ea77bbf04b7df.html 。
經濟部智慧財產局商標主題網(2012),《非傳統商標審查基準》,載於:https://topic.tipo.gov.tw/trademarks-tw/lp-517-201-2-20.html。
經濟部智慧財產局商標主題網(2012),《商標識別性審查基準》,載於:https://topic.tipo.gov.tw/trademarks-tw/cp-517-860259-f5cf9-201.html。
經濟部智慧財產局商標主題網(2015),《發明專利、新型專利、設計專利有何不同?》,載於:https://topic.tipo.gov.tw/patents-tw/cp-783-872063-15a31-101.html。
語源學字典網站,perfume名詞演變,https://www.etymonline.com/word/perfume(最後瀏覽日:2024年7月23日)。
二、 外文
Alessandra Avanzi, Ancient Egypt and the culture of perfume., available at https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/381901/ancient-egypt-and-the-culture-of-perfume (last visited July 23, 2024).
BBC News, Chanel No 5: The story behind the classic perfume, available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-13565155 (last visited July 20, 2024).
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Corning Museum of Glass, LALIQUE PERFUME BOTTLE FOR COTY, available at https://www.cmog.org/audio/lalique-perfume-bottle-coty (last visited July 20, 2024).
Women’s Voice for the earth, Fact Sheet: The Fragrance Industry’s Policy Failures and Trade Secret Myth, available at https://womensvoices.org/fragrance-ingredients/fact-sheet-fragrance-industrys-policy-failures-trade-secret-myth/ (last visited:July 20, 2024).
General Mills, History of Innovation: The History of Betty Crocker, available at www.generalmills.com/~/media/Files/history/hist_betty.pdf (last visited July 20, 2024).
GLAM OBSERVER, When Did Fashion Brands Introduce Perfumes? A history timeline, available at https://glamobserver.com/the-first-ever-fragrances-created-by-fashion-designers/
Herz, R.S., Larsson, M., Trujillo, R. et al., A three-factor benefits framework for understanding consumer preference for scented household products: psychological interactions and implications for future development., COGN. RESEARCH 7, 28 (2022), available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-022-00378-6.
Marisa, Sanfilippo, The Smells That Make Shoppers Spend More- Scent marketing strategically uses fragrance at specific customer touch points to connect to customers., available at https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/3469-smells-shoppers-spend-more.html#how-do-businesses-use-scent-marketing (last visited July 20, 2024).
Williams, Maxwill(2018), Grasse: The French Capital of Perfume, available at https://parfumculture.com/grasse-the-french-capital-of-perfume/ (last visited July 23, 2024).
Meera Navlakha, The Story of Miss Dior And Its Latest Iteration, available at https://graziadaily.co.uk/beauty-hair/makeup/miss-dior/ (last visited July 23, 2024).
Hunt, Nichola, How High Fashion Influences Perfume Trends, available at https://elizabethstreet.com/how-high-fashion-influences-perfume-trends/ (last visited July 20, 2024).
Greene, Nick, The 10 Current Scent Trademarks Currently Recognized by the U.S. Patent Office, Mental Floss (2015), available at https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/69760/10-scent-trademarks-currently-recognized-us-patent-office (last visited July 23, 2024).
Susan L. Nasr, How Perfume Works, HowStuffWorks.com. (2009), available at https://science.howstuffworks.com/perfume.htm (last visited July 23, 2024).
U.S. Copyright Office, Circular No. 50, Copyright Registration for Musical Compositions 1 (2012), available at https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ50.pdf.
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Valérie Quillet & Laurent Huille & Arnaud Massieu, Perfumes and toilet preparations, an asset for France, Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques, available at https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/3135056 (last visited July 23, 2024).