It is generally agreed that 4G systems will consist of all-IP heterogeneous networks. The resource management among different access networks is critical to inter-system handoff efficiency. In this thesis, we first focus on the service accessibility in the Generic Access Network (GAN). After that, interworking issues between 3GPP LTE/SAE and 3GPP2 EV-DO are considered.

The Generic Access Network (GAN) developed by 3GPP extends services to unlicensed spectrum. A mobile station (MS) with multiple air interfaces can access 3GPP services through GAN and roam seamlessly between different radio access networks. However, mobility management and resource management are critical issues in GAN. To allocate GAN resources efficiently, we propose Adaptive Keep-alive Interval (AKI). By using AKI, an MS can send less signaling messages. In addition, AKI can increase system utilization by releasing unused resources. In this thesis, we develop a mathematical model to evaluate the handoff failure probability of the proposed AKI. The analysis is validated by extensive simulations. The results show that the proposed AKI can reduce handoff failure probability and increase GAN utilization significantly.

The standards bodies have defined the interworking architecture between 3GPP LTE/SAE and 3GPP2 EV-DO. For inter-system handoff, pre-registration and pre-authentication are performed to establish the required resources before the actual handoff. However, the standards only define the handoff procedures without specifying when to reserve or release the resources, which include sessions, bearers, user context information, and so on. In this paper, we propose Resource Reservation and Preemption (RRP) to determine when to release the reserved resources of the pre-registered/pre-authenticated users. If the user moves back and the resources still exist, the signaling cost for the pre-registration can be minimized. In this thesis, we develop a mathematical model to evaluate the handoff failure and context hit probabilities of the proposed RRP. The analysis is validated by extensive simulations. The results show the improvement of the handoff signaling overhead.

第四代行動通訊網路將以IP為基礎，整合各式異質性網路，異質性存取網路之間的資源管理方法，對系統換手的效率有關鍵的影響，本論文首先討論Generic Access Network (GAN)網路的服務可存取性，其次，研究3GPP LTE/SAE和3GPP2 EV-DO整合環境下的相關議題。

3GPP發展GAN架構，用以整合3GPP服務到免付費的無線存取網路，讓多模行動用戶得以在異質性存取網路之間無縫漫遊，存取3GPP網路服務，然而；在GAN架構下，移動管理與資源管理是很重要的效能議題，為了在GAN網路更有效的分配資源，我們提出了AKI方法，減少行動使用者不必要的控制訊息傳送，並增加系統的使用率與降低換手斷線機率，透過數學模型與網路模擬加以分析AKI效能，結果證明AKI確實有助於改善GAN的服務存取效能。

3GPP LTE/ SAE和3GPP2 EV-DO之間的互通架構已有了標準化制定，不同系統間換手時，需預先註冊和預先認證，於真正切換前，建立所需的資源，然而；標準只有制定換手程序，而沒有指明何時該保留或釋放資源，其中包括通訊連線、網路設定、使用者資訊等等。我們提出Resource Reservation and Preemption (RRP)機制，來決定何時釋放預先註冊和預先認證使用者所保留的資源。若使用者返回原本網路，而其資源依然被保留，則預先註冊程序的訊息量可以降到最低，透過數學模型，評估切換失敗機率和資源保留命中率，並藉由大量的模擬分析驗證，結果證明，換手機制的訊息量可有效被改善。

[1] “GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Generic Access Network (GAN); Stage 2.”
3GPP technical specification release 10 - TS 43.318 V10.1.0, Mar. 2011.
[2] “GSM/EDGE Radio Access Radio Access Network; Generic Access Network (GAN);
Mobile GAN interface layer 3 specification.” 3GPP technical specification release 11 -
TS 44.318 V11.0.0, Mar. 2011.
[3] “The Third Generation Partnership Project.” http://www.3gpp.org/.
[4] “User Perspective (Stage 1).” UMA technical specification R1.0.0, Sept. 2004.
[5] “Architecture (Stage 2).” UMA technical specification R1.0.4, May 2005.
[6] “Protocols (Stage 3).” UMA technical specification R1.0.4, May 2005.
[7] “Technical Specification Group GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Overall description;
Stage 2.” 3GPP technical specification release 10 - TS 43.051 V10.0.0,Mar. 2011.
[8] “General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description; Stage 2.” 3GPP technical
specification release 11 - TS 23.060 V11.0.0, Dec. 2011.
[9] J.-C. Chen and T. Zhang, IP-Based Next-Generation Wireless Networks. John Wily &
Sons, Inc., Jan. 2004. http://www.cs.nctu.edu.tw/∼jcc/book.html.
[10] Y.-B. Lin and A.-C. Pang, Wireless and Mobile All-IP Networks. John Wily & Sons,
Inc., 2005. http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=NTdIRKwIKoYC.
59
Bibliography
[11] IEEE Std 802.11-2007, “Part 11: wireless LAN medium access
control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications.”
http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.11.html, June 2007.
[12] “The Official Bluetooth Technology Info Site.” http://www.bluetooth.com/.
[13] “Service requirements for the Evolved Packet System (EPS).” 3GPP technical specification
release 12 - TS 22.278 V12.0.0, Dec. 2011.
[14] “Network architecture.” 3GPP technical specification release 11 - TS 23.002 V11.1.0,
Dec. 2011.
[15] “Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS); Stage 3.”
3GPP technical specification release 11 - TS 24.301 V11.1.0, Dec. 2011.
[16] “Evolved Packet System (EPS); Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving
GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related interfaces based on Diameter protocol.” 3GPP
technical specification release 11 - TS 29.272 V11.1.0, Dec. 2011.
[17] “3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE); Security architecture.” 3GPP technical
specification release 11 - TS 33.401 V11.2.0, Dec. 2011.
[18] “3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE); Security aspects of non-3GPP accesses.”
3GPP technical specification release 11 - TS 33.402 V11.2.0, Dec. 2011.
[19] “Rationale and track of security decisions in Long Term Evolved (LTE) RAN / 3GPP
System Architecture Evolution (SAE).” 3GPP technical specification release 9 - TR
33.821 V9.0.0, June 2009.
[20] “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2.” 3GPP technical
specification release 11 - TS 36.300 V11.0.0, Dec. 2011.
60
Bibliography
[21] “Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN).”
3GPP technical specification release 9 - TR 25.913 V9.0.0, Dec. 2009.
[22] D. Hong and S. S. Rappaport, “Traffic model and performance analysis for cellular mobile
radio telephone systems with prioritized and nonprioritized handoff procedures,”
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 35, pp. 77–92, Aug. 1986.
[23] Y.-B. Lin, S.Mohan, and A. Noerpel, “Queueing priority channel assignment strategies
for PCS hand-off and initial access,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, pp. 704–712,
Mar. 1994.
[24] B. Li, S. T. Chanson, and C. Lin, “Analysis of a hybrid cutoff priority scheme for
multiple classes of traffic in multimedia wireless networks,” Wirel. Netw., vol. 4, no. 4,
pp. 279–290, 1998.
[25] Y. Fang and Y. Zhang, “Call admission control schemes and performance analysis in
wirelessmobile networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 51, pp. 371–382,Mar. 2002.
[26] K.-H. Chen and J.-C. Chen, “Improve service availability in 3GPP generic access network
(GAN) by adaptive keep-alive interval (AKI),” in Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications
and Networking Conference, (Sydney, Australia), Apr. 2010.
[27] Y.-B. Lin, M.-H. Tsai, and H.-W. Dai, “Bearer Reservation with Preemption for Voice
Call Continuity,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 8, pp. 2716–
2725, May 2009.
[28] W. Song, H. Jiang, andW. Zhuang, “Performance Analysis of theWLAN-First Scheme
in Cellular/WLAN Interworking,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,
vol. 6, pp. 1932–1943, May 2007.
[29] “General packet radio service (GPRS) enhancements for evolved universal terrestrial
radio access network (E-UTRAN) access.” 3GPP technical specification release 11 -
TS 23.401 V11.0.0, Dec. 2011.
61
Bibliography
[30] “Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses.” 3GPP technical specification release
11 - TS 23.402 V11.1.0, Dec. 2011.
[31] “Access to the 3GPP Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via non-3GPP access networks; Stage
3.” 3GPP technical specification release 11 - TS 24.302 V11.1.0, Dec. 2011.
[32] E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, and J. Skold, 4G-LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband.
Academic Press, 2011.
[33] B. Furht and S. A. Ahson, Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE Radio And Cellular Technology.
Crc Press, 2009.
[34] Agilent Technologies, LTE and the Evolution to 4GWireless: Design andMeasurement
Challenges. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
[35] “The Third Generation Partnership Project 2.” http://www.3gpp2.org/.
[36] Q. Bi and S. Vitebsky, “Performance analysis of 3G-1X EVDO high data rate system,”
in Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, pp. 389–395,
Mar. 2002.
[37] T. Gopal, “EVDO Rev. A Control Channel Bandwidth Analysis for Paging,” in Proc.
of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, pp. 3262–3267, Mar.
2007.
[38] “Medium Access Control Layer for cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface
Specification.” 3GPP2 C.S0024-300-C v2.0, July 2011.
[39] “Connection and Security Layers for cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface
Specification.” 3GPP2 C.S0024-400-C v2.0, July 2011.
[40] “Application, Stream and Session Layers for cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air
Interface Specification.” 3GPP2 C.S0024-500-C v2.0, July 2011.
62
Bibliography
[41] “cdma2000 Wireless IP Network Standard: PrePaid Packet Data Service.” 3GPP2
X.S0011-006-E v1.0, Nov. 2009.
[42] “cdma2000 high rate packet data air interface specification.” 3GPP2 C.S0024-B v3.0,
Sept. 2009.
[43] “E-UTRAN - eHRPD connectivity and interworking: core network aspects.” 3GPP2
X.S0057-0 v3.0, Sept. 2010.
[44] “Interoperability Specification (IOS) for evolved high rate packet data (eHRPD) radio
access network interfaces and interworking with enhanced universal terrestrial radio
access network (E-UTRAN).” 3GPP2 A.S0022-A v1.0, Feb. 2011.
[45] “E-UTRAN - cdma2000 connectivity and interworking: air interface specification.”
3GPP2 C.S0087-0 v1.0, May 2009.
[46] “3GPP Evolved Packet System (EPS); Optimized Handover Procedures and Protocols
between E-UTRAN access and cdma2000 HRPD Access; Stage 3.” 3GPP technical
specification release 10 - TS 29.276 V10.3.0, Dec. 2011.
[47] “Optimised Handover Procedures and Protocol between EUTRAN access and non-
3GPP accesses (S102); Stage 3.” 3GPP technical specification release 10 - TS 29.277
V10.0.0, May 2011.
[48] S. Pack and Y. Choi, “Fast handoff scheme based on mobility prediction in public
wireless LAN systems,” IEE Proceedings - Communications, vol. 151, pp. 489–495,
Oct. 2004.
[49] H.-H. Choi, O. Song, and D.-H. Cho, “A seamless handoff scheme for UMTS-WLAN
interworking,” in Proc. of IEEE GLOBECOM, (Dallas, Texas, USA), pp. 1559–1564,
Nov. 2004.
63
Bibliography
[50] A. Mishra, M. H. Shin, N. L. P. Jr., T. C. Clancy, and W. A. Arbaugh, “Proactive key
distribution using neighbor graphs,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., vol. 11, pp. 26–36,
Feb. 2004.
[51] A.Mishra, M. Shin, andW. Arbarugh, “Context caching using neighbor graphs for fast
handoffs in a wireless network,” in Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM, (Hong Kong, China),
pp. 351–361, Mar. 2004.
[52] M. Shin, A. Mishra, andW. Arbaugh, “Improving the latency of 802.11 handoffs using
neighbor graphs,” in Proc. ACM Mobisys’04, (Boston, USA), pp. 70–83, June 2004.
[53] C.-C. Tseng, K.-H. Chi, M.-D. Hsieh, and H.-H. Chang, “Location-based fast handoff
for 802.11 networks,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 9, pp. 304–306, Apr. 2005.
[54] A. Mukherjee, T. Joshi, and D. P. Agrawal, “Minimizing re-authentication overheads
in infrastructure IEEE 802.11 WLAN networks,” in Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications
and Networking Conference, (New Orleans, LA, USA), pp. 2344–2349, Mar.
2005.
[55] L. Zhang, N. Seta, H. Miyajima, and H. Hayashi, “Fast authentication based on heuristic
movement prediction for seamless handover in wireless access environment,” in
Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, (Hong Kong,
China), pp. 2889–2893, Mar. 2007.
[56] J.-C. Chen and H.-W. Lin, “A gateway approach to mobility integration of GPRS and
wireless LANs,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 86–95, 2005.
[57] “Mobile Switching Centre - Base Station System (MSC-BSS) interface.” 3GPP technical
specification release 11 - TS 48.008 V11.0.0, Dec. 2011.
[58] “General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Base Station System (BSS) - Serving GPRS
Support Node (SGSN); BSS GPRS Protocol (BSSGP).” 3GPP technical specification
release 10 - TS 48.018 V10.4.0, Dec. 2011.
64
Bibliography
[59] “Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode.”
3GPP technical specification release 11 - TS 23.122 V11.1.0, Dec. 2011.
[60] R. Droms, “Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.” IETF RFC 2131, Mar. 1997.
[61] S. Kent and K. Seo, “Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol.” IETF RFC 4301,
Dec. 2005.
[62] S. Kent, “IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP).” IETF RFC 4303, Dec. 2005.
[63] D. E. 3rd, “Cryptographic Algorithm Implementation Requirements for Encapsulating
Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH).” IETF RFC 4305, Dec. 2005.
[64] P. Hoffman, “Cryptographic Suites for IPsec.” IETF RFC 4308, Dec. 2005.
[65] S. Frankel and S. Krishnan, “IP Security (IPsec) and Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
Document Roadmap.” IETF RFC 6071, Feb. 2011.
[66] S. Kent and R. Atkinson, “Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol.” IETF RFC
2401, Nov. 1998.
[67] E. H. Haverinen and E. J. Salowey, “Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for
Global System forMobile Communications (GSM) Subscriber IdentityModules (EAPSIM)
.” IETF RFC 4186, Jan. 2006.
[68] B. Aboba, L. Blunk, J. Vollbrecht, J. Carlson, and E. H. Levkowetz, “Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP).” IETF RFC 3748, 2004.
[69] D. Stanley, J. Walker, and B. Aboba, “Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
Method Requirements for Wireless LANs.” IETF RFC 4017, Mar. 2005.
[70] J. Arkko and H. Haverinen, “Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for 3rd Generation
Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA).” IETF RFC 4187, Jan. 2006.
65
Bibliography
[71] E. C. Kaufman, “Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol.” IETF RFC 4306, Dec.
2005.
[72] W. R. Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Vol. 1: The Protocols. Addison-Wesley Professional;
US ed edition, Jan. 1994.
[73] G. R. Wright and W. R. Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Vol. 2: The Implementation.
Addison-Wesley Professional; 1 edition, Feb. 1995.
[74] W. R. Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Vol. 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the
UNIX Domain Protocols . Addison-Wesley Professional; 1 edition, Jan. 1996.
[75] H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, and V. Jacobson, “RTP: A Transport Protocol
for Real-Time Applications.” IETF RFC 3550, July 2003.
[76] J.-C. Chen, Y.-W. Liu, and L.-W. Lin, “Mobile virtual private networks with dynamic
MIP home agent assignment,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, (Special
issue on Mobile IP), vol. 6, pp. 601–616, Aug. 2006.
[77] D. Gross and C. M. Harris, Fundamentals of Queueing Theory. John Wiley & Sons,
3 ed., 1998.
[78] Moshe Zukerman, Introduction to Queueing Theory and Stochastic Teletraffic Models.
[Online]. Available: http://www.ee.unimelb.edu.au/staff/mzu/classnotes.pdf, 2007.
[79] George W. Collins, II, Fundamental Numerical Methods and Data Analysis. NASA
Astrophysics Data System(ADS), 2003.
[80] “The network simulator – ns-2.” http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
[81] “Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) of Voice Frequencies.” ITU-T Recommendation
G.711, 1972.
66
Bibliography
[82] S. Garg and M. Kappes, “Can I add a VoIP call?,” in Proc. of IEEE International
Conference on Communications (ICC), (Seattle,Washington,WA, USA), pp. 779–783,
May 2003.
[83] K.-H. Chen and J.-C. Chen, “Handoff Failure Analysis of Adaptive Keep-alive Interval
(AKI) in 3GPP Generic Access Network (GAN).” Technical Report, Department of
Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, June 2011.
[84] “Policy and Charging Control (PCC) over Gx/Sd reference point.” 3GPP technical
specification release 11 - TS 29.212 V11.3.0, Dec. 2011.
[85] “Policy and Charging Control signalling flows and Quality of Service (QoS) parameter
mapping.” 3GPP technical specification release 11 - TS 29.213 V11.1.0, Dec. 2011.
[86] “Policy and Charging Control over Rx reference point.” 3GPP technical specification
release 11 - TS 29.214 V11.3.0, Dec. 2011.
[87] “Interoperability Specification (IOS) for High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) Radio Access
Network Interfaces with Session Control in the Access Network.” 3GPP2 A.S0008-C
v4.0, Apr. 2011.
[88] “Interoperability Specification (IOS) for High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) Radio Access
Network Interfaces with Session Control in the Packet Control Function.” 3GPP2
A.S0009-C v4.0, Apr. 2011.
[89] “Interoperability Specification (IOS) for cdma2000 Access Network Interfaces - Part 7
(A10 and A11 Interfaces).” 3GPP2 A.S0017-D v3.0, May 2011.
[90] W. Simpson, “The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).” IETF RFC 1661, July 1994.
[91] L. Kleinrock, Queueing Systems: Volume I – Theory. New York: Wiley, 1976.
[92] W. Simpson, “PPP LCP Extensions.” IETF RFC 1570, Jan. 1994.
[93] D. Rand, “The PPP Compression Control Protocol (CCP).” IETF RFC 1962, June 1996.