隨著數位技術的發展與普及，虛擬世界逐漸成為現實生活的重要部分，許多著作權議題也因此應運而生。本文試圖從各種虛擬技術的應用出發，檢視其在著中文摘要
隨著數位技術的發展與普及，虛擬世界逐漸成為現實生活的重要部分，許多著作權議題也因此應運而生。本文試圖從各種虛擬技術的應用出發，檢視其在著作權法上的重要性以及可能引發的爭議。
虛擬技術為一涵涉甚廣的概念，本文針對虛擬世界、模擬真人影像技術、三維影像模型以及與現實生活最為相關的擴增實境技術，從技術面檢討既有的法規範，並從目前著作權法可能的適用，及對產品開發者、科技使用者的法律風險切入，從虛擬世界以及擴增實境討論著作權法中與著作標的相關的議題，如原創性、作者以及概念與表達二分法等；從數位時代特殊的著作權人與使用人關係，討論授權契約相關問題；從使用者在著作權法體系中的位置，論及言論自由在著作權法中的適用；從模擬真人影像討論肖像權／知名權與著作權法的關係，以及大眾對於肖像利用之權利。
藉由技術面向的觀察，以及在最終章節從著作權法議題出發的統整，希望對於目前技術發展下可能面臨的著作權問題做分析，俾利技術應用人以及規範制定者對著作權法在虛擬時代的角色有所了解。

English summary
As digital technology further developed and popularized, virtual world and virtual reality has become one of the most important part in our real life, therefore comes many copyright related issues. Beginning with specific applications of virtual technology, I try to observe and examine the probable controversy that might happen and challenge the current copyright law system.
Virtual technology is a general term that might be referred to a broad range of technology. In this article, I try to focus on online virtual world, simulated real person animation, three-dimensional image and digital model, and the most reality-intervened part, augemented reality. By looking over current copyright law and probable legal application and reviewing legal risk possibly faced by product developers and users, I hope to encompass the overall copyright issues related to virtualization. Therefore, I discussed the issues concerning copyrightability, including originality, authorship, a minimum amount of creativity and idea-expression dichotomy; I deliberated the problems with digital licensing agreement, and figured out the relationship between copyright owner and user; I talked about the role of user in the copyright law system, and also the application of speech freedom in copyright law; then I studied the relationship of right of publicity/ right of portrait and copyright as well as the right of public to access the materials.
With technology-oriented review and copyright issue-oriented summary in the last chapter, I hope to provide an in-depth analysis on current copyright issues generated by virtual technology, and to assist technology developers and legislators in understanding the role of copyright law in virtualization era.

中文部分
一、專書與論文集（依作者姓氏筆劃）
王明禮，著作權存續期間的憲法界限──試評Eldred v. Ashcroft，收錄於焦興鎧主編，美國最高法院重要判決之研究：二○○○～二○○三，頁189-234，中研院歐美所（2007）。
何正偉，Fantasy Sports Game之法律問題研究－以著作權與形象權保護為中心，私立逢甲大學財經法律研究所碩士論文（2008）。
陳炳忠，著作權法對「虛擬實境」技術應用之規範，國立清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文（2009）。
許宏齊，整合3D視訊與3D虛擬模型之互動式括稱實境技術，國立中正大學電機工程研究所碩士論文（2012）。
張靜，新著作權法釋論，中華徵信所（1988年）
葉茂林，著作權案例彙編(7)--視聽著作篇，經濟部智慧財產局（2006年）。
蕭雄淋，著作權法逐條釋義，自版（1986年）。
蕭雄淋，著作權法論，第七版，五南公司（2010年8月）。
謝銘洋，智慧財產權法，元照出版（2008年）。

二、期刊與研討會(依作者姓氏筆劃)
王澤鑑，人格權保護的課題與展望（三）─人格權的具體化及保護範圍（3）肖像權，台灣本土法學雜誌，87期，頁（2006年）。
王澤鑑，人格權保護的課題與展望（五）─人格權的性質及構造：精神利益與財產利益的保護（中），台灣本土法學雜誌，105期，頁73-90（2008年）。
胡光夏，廣告文化理論學派之探討──三種解讀廣告文本的取徑分析，廣告學研究，13集，頁93-111（1999年）。
李治安，故事角色的第二人生：論著作權法對故事角色之保護，智慧財產權月刊，169期，頁104-127（2013年）。
李智仁，人格權經濟利益之保障--個人公開權(Right of Publicity)之探討，法令月刊，55卷，11期，頁28-41（2004年）。
吳世光、陳建和，影像式虛擬實境之發展及其在觀光產業應用之研究，觀光研究學報，8卷，1期，頁109-125（2002年）。
吳啟賓，論編輯著作，法令月刊，42 卷，9 期，頁17-20（1991年）。
孫寶成，談知名權─以美國案例為例，2005 全國科技法律研討會論文集，頁589-597（2005年）。
楊智傑，智慧財產權的憲法基礎-兼論智財權與言論自由的衝突，財產法暨經濟法，16期，頁1-40（2008年）。
蔡惠如，「原創性」概念於著作權訴訟之運作，智慧財產權月刊，149期，頁98-117（2011年）。
蔡瑞森，助理並非著作之共同著作人，理律法律雜誌雙月刊，7期，頁6-6（2003年）
劉孔中，論智慧財產權法之一般理論，中研院個人年度研討會（2011年）。
劉德寬，人格權上的[Publicity 權](公表權)表以日本判例、學說為中心，月旦法學雜誌，155期，頁115-120（2008年）。
謝銘洋，從美國法上之商業利用權(right of publicity) 探討肖像權之財產權化最高法院九十七年臺上字第一三九六號民事判決解析，月旦裁判時報，4期，頁102-108（2010年）。

三、判決函釋(依單位年分)
法務部法律決字第0980041406號函釋。
經濟部智慧財產局，民國100年03月01日「電子郵件1000301c」函釋。
智慧財產局93年9月21日智著字第0930007542-0 號。
台北地方法院檢察署第84年偵字第25578號不起訴處分書。
台中地方法院90年度訴字第2962號刑事判決。
台北地方法院92年北小字第2558號民事判決。
台北地方法院93年小上字第4號民事判決。
板橋地方法院93年度重訴字第169號民事判決。
智慧財產法院98年度刑智上訴字第15號判決。
高等法院83年度上訴字第5996號刑事判決。
高等法院91年度上更(一)字第284號刑事判決。
高等法院93年度上更（一）字第91號民事判決。
高等法院94年度上易字第958號民事判決。
高等法院95年度上易字第855號民事判決。
高等法院台中分院89年度上訴字第750號刑事判決。
最高法院86年台上字第763號民事判決。

四、網路文獻（依筆劃）
第二人生：用虛擬世界賺真實資產，30雜誌，35期（2007年），http://www.30.com.tw/article_content_13223.html。
應用擴增實境於動態立體醫學影像之呈現與應用，http://140.125.235.7/cases/100year_student/C03.pdf。
夢露復活：深入全球最權威的人工智慧實驗室，商業週刊，925期，http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/KWebArticle.aspx?id=20811。

外文部分
一、專書與論文集（依作者姓氏字母序）
Bollier, David & Racine, Laurie. 2006. Ready to Share: Fashion & the Ownership of Creativity. Edited by David Bollier & Laurie Racine. CA: USC Annenberg Norman Lear Center.
Goldstein, Paul. 2005. Goldstein on Copyright. NY: Aspen
Guibault, Lucie. 2002. Copyright Limitations and Contracts - An Analysis of the Contractual Overridability of Limitations. London: Kluwer Law International.
Henderson, Steven J. & Feiner, Steven K. 2007. in Augmented Reality for Maintenance and Repair (ARMAR) Final Report, Technical Report AFRL-RH-WP-TR-2007-0112, edited by United States Air Force Research Lab.
Kane Sean F.. 2012. Legal Issue for App Development, Pp. 295-320 in Information Technology Law Institute 2012: Innovations in Apps, E-books, Cybersecurity, Mobile Technology, Privacy and Social Media. NY: Practising Law Institute.
Lange, David L. & Powell, H. Jefferson. 2009. No Law: Intellectual Property in the Image of an Absolute First Amendment. CA: Stanford Law Books.
Lessig, Lawrence. 2004. Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. NY: Penguin.
Lind, Robert C. 2006. Copyright Law. NC: Carolina Academic Pr.
Litten, Frederick S. 2011. A Mixed Picture - Drawn animation/live action hybrids worldwide from the 1960s to the 1980s (Self-published).
Niesse, Bertram, et al. 2010. Open Wear: Sustainability, Openness and P2P production in the world of fashion.curated by Bertram Niesse.
Nimmer, Melville B. & Nimmer, David. Nimmer on Copyright. NJ: Newark.
Shirky, Clay. 2010. Cognitive surplus: Creativity and generosity in a connected age. NY: Penguin.
Thomas, McCarthy J. 2006. McCarthy on trademarks and unfair competition, NY: Clark Boardman Callaghan.

二、期刊與研討會（依作者姓氏字母序）

Aboud, Leslie. 2013. Who Owns the Ruby Slippers?: An Analysis of the Impact of Warner Bros. v. X One X on Visual Depictions in Copyright Law. Journal of Corporation Law 38:399-418.
Adler, Shayne. 2009. Pirating the Runway: the Potential Impact of the Design Piracy Prohibition Act on Fashion Retail. Hastings Business Law Journal 5:381-399.
Azuma, Ronald T. 1997. A survey of augmented reality. Presence 6.4: 355-385.
Balkin, Jack M. 2004. Virtual Liberty: Freedom to Design and Freedom to Play in virtual Worlds. Virginia Law Review 90:2043-2098.
Barfield, Woodrow. 2005. Commercial Speech, Intellectual Property Rights, and Advertising Using Virtual Images Inserted in TV, Film, and the Real World. UCLA Entertainment Law Review 13:153-186.
Blais, François, Picard, Michel & Godin, Guy. 2004. Accurate 3D acquisition of freely moving objects. in Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission 2004: 422-429.
Blitz, Marc Jonathan. 2009. The Freedom of 3D thought: the Firtst Amendment in Virtual Reality. Cardozo Law Review 30:1141-1243.
Burk, Dan L. 2006. Copyright and Feminism in Digital Media. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law 14:519-549.
Cabasso, Andrew. 2011. Piercing Pennoyer with the Sword of a Thousand Truths: Jurisdictional Issues in the Virtual World. Fordham Intellectual Property Media & Entertainment Law Journal 22:383-927..
Chheda, Timir. 2005. Intellectual Property Implications in a Virtual Reality Environment. The John Marshall Law School Review of Intellectual Property Law 4:483-508.
Chon, Margaret. 1996. New Wine Bursting from Old Bottles: Collaborative Internet Art, Joint Works, and Entrepreneurship. Oregon Law Review 75:257-276.
Coombe, Rosemary J. 1991. Objects of Property and Subjects of Politics: Intellectual Property Laws and Democratic Dialogue. Texas Law Review 69: 1853-1880.
Cotter, Thomas, & Irina Dmitrieva. 2010. Integrating the Right of Publicity with First Amendment and Copyright Preemption Analysis. Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 32:09-40.
Denicola, Robert C. 1979. Copyright and Free Speech: Constitutional Limitations on the Protection of Expression. California Law Review 67:283-316.
Dibbell, Julian. 2003. Owned!: Intellectual property in the age of dupers, gold farmers, eBayers, and other enemies of the virtual state. in State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds, Institute for Information Law and Policy at New York Law School and Information Society Project at Yale Law School:13-15.
Farnsworth, E. Allan. 1996.　A Common Lawyer's View of His Civilian Colleagues. Louisiana Law Review 57:227-237.
Ginsburg, Jane C. 1997. Authors and Users in Copyright. Journal of the Copyright Society of the USA 45:1-20.
Henderson, Harris Weems. 2008. Through the Looking Glass: Copyright Protection in the Virtual Reality of Second Life. Journal of Intellectual Property Law 16:165-195.
Joss, Nicols W. 2006. Painting through pixels: the case for a copyright in videogame play. Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 30:101-131.
Koo, Andrew. 2006. Right of Publicity: The Right of Publicity Fair Use Doctrine-Adopting a Better Standard. Buffalo Intellectual Property Law Journal 4:1-24.
Ku, Raymond Shih Ray. 2002. The Creative Destruction of Copyright: Napster and the New Economics of Digital Technology. University of Chicago Law Review 69:263-324.
Lastowka, F. Gregory & Hunter, Dan. 2004. The Laws of the virtual Worlds. California Law Review 92:1-73.
Lemley, Mark. 1994. Intellectual Property and Shrinkwrap Licenses. Southern California Law Review 68:1239-1294.
Lemley, Mark. 1999. Beyond Preemption: The Law and Policy of Intellectual Property Licensing. California Law Review 87:111-172.
Leval, Pierre N. 1994. The Herbert Tenzer Memorial Conference: Copyright in The Twenty-First Century: Campbell v. Acuff-Rose: Justice Souter's Rescue of Fair Use. Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 13:19-26.
Lowry, Sharon K. 2008. Property Rights in Virtual Reality: All's Fair in Life and Warcraft. Texas Wesleyan Law Review 15:109-139.
Milgram, Paul, and Fumio Kishino. 1994. A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Information and Systems 77.12:1321-1329.
Mtima, Lateef. 2012. What's Mine is Mine but What's Yours is Ours: IP Imperialism, the Right of Publicity, and Intellectual Property Social Justice in the Digital Information Age. SMU Science & Technology Law Review 15:323-555.
Nadan, Christian H. 1990. A Proposal to Recognize Component Works: How a Teddy Bears on the Competing Ends of Copyright Law. California Law Review 78:1633-1673.
Nimmer, David, Elliot Brown, and Gary N. Frischling. 1999. The Metamorphosis of Contract into Expand. Carolina Law Review 87:17-77.
Nimmer, Melville. 1970. Does Copyright Abridge The First Amendment Guarantees of Free Speech and Press?. University of California Los Angeles Law Review 17:1180-1204.
Norris Jr., Robert Bryan. 2011. It's All Fun and Games Until Someone Gets Hurt: Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association and the Problem of Interactivity. North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology, Online Edition 13:81-115.
O'Connor, Madeline. 2011. It's a Little Known Fact" that Copyright Law is in Conflict with the Right of Publicity". Touro Law Review 26:351-392.
Pamela, Samuelson. 1982. Reviving Zacchini: Analyzing First Amendment Defenses in Right of Publicity and Copyright Cases. Tulane Law Review 57: 836-929.
Reuveni, Erez. 2007. On Virtual Worlds: Copyright and Contract at the Dawn of the Virtual Age. Indiana Law Journal 82:261-308.
Rhodes, Hilary F. 2003. Exploration without boundaries: virtual voyages into virtual landscapes. in University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 350-505.
Rideout, Brian. 2012. Printing the Impossible Triangle: The Copyright Implications of Three-Dimensional Printing. Pepperdine Journal of Business, Entreprenurship & the Law 5:161-177.
Sheldon, David P. 2007. Claiming Ownership, But Getting Owned: Contractual Limitations on Asserting Property Interests in Virtual Goods. University of California Los Angeles Law Review 54:751-787.
Shipley, David E. 1986. Copyright Protection for Architectural Works. South Carolina Law Review 37:393-449.
Sutherland, Ivan E. 1968. A head-mounted three dimensional display. in Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference Part I, ACM. 757-764.
Taylor, T. Laurie. 2002. ‘Whose Game Is This Anyway?': Negotiating Corporate Ownership in a Virtual World, in Computer Games and Digital Cultures - Conference Proceedings :227-242.
Weber, Greg S. 1993. New Medium of Expression: Introducing Virtual Reality and Anticipating Copyright Issues. The John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law 12:175-194.
Winick, Raphael. 1992. Copyright Protection for Architecture After the Architectural works Copyright Protection Act of 1990. The Duke Law Journal 41:1598-1647.
Winslow, Anastasia P. 1996. Rapping on a Revolving Door: An Economic Analysis of Parody and Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. Southern California Law Review 69:767-824.
Yu, Peter K. 1998. Fictional Persona Test: Copyright Preemption in Human Audiovisual Characters. Cardozo Law Review 20:355-414.

三、判決與訴狀（依字母序）
Aalmuhammed v. Lee, 202 F.3d 1227, 1233 (9th Cir. 2000)
Atari Games Corp. v. Oman, 979 F.2d 242, 245 (D.C. Cir. 1992)..
Baltimore Orioles, Inc. v. Major League Baseball Player's Assn., 805 F.2d 663, 669 n.7 (7th Cir. 1986)
Bowers v. Baystate Techs., Inc., 320 F.3d 1317, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2003)
Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc., 487 F. Supp. 2d 593 (E.D.Penn. 2007).
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, 510 U.S. 569, 592 (1994).
C.B.C. Distribution and Marketing, Inc., v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L. P., 505 F. 3d 818 (8th Cir. 2007).
Computer Assocs. Int'l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693, 716 (2d Cir.1992)
Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 539 U.S. 23 (2003).
Durham Indus. v. Tomy Corp., 630 F.2d 905, 909 -11 (2d Cir. 1980).
Lindsay v. R.M.S. Titanic, 52 U.S.P.Q.2d 1609, 1613 (S.D.N.Y 1999)
Emerson v. Davies, 8 F. Cas. 615, 619 (No. 4,436) (CCD Mass. 1845)
Eros, LLC v. John Doe, No. 8:07-cv-01158 (M.D. Fl. Jul. 3, 2007), Compl., available at http://www.citmedialaw.org//citmedialaw.org/files/Eros%20v%C20Doe%C̈omplaint.pdf.
Factors, Etc., Inc. v. Pro Arts, Inc., 652 F.2d 278 (2d Cir.1981).
FeistPubl'ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 349-50 (1991).
Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters., Inc., 723 F.2d 195, 200 (2d Cir. 1983),rev'd, 471 U.S. 539 (1985).
Kieselstein-Cord v. Accessories by Pearl, Inc., 632 F.2d 989 (2d Cir.1980)
L. Batlin& Son. v. Snyder, 536 F.2d 486, 491 (2d Cir. 1976)
Landhamv. Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc., 227 F.3d 619 (6th Cir. 2000).
Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of Am., Inc., 780 F. Supp. 1283, 1291 (N.D. Cal. 1991).
Lugosi v. Universal Pictures, 603 P.2d 425,432 (Cal. 1979)
MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc., 991 F.2d 511 (9th Cir. 1993).
McFarland v. Miller, 14 F.3d 912 (3d Cir. 1994)
Micro Star v. FormGen Inc., 154 F.3d 1107, 1112 (9th Cir. 1998).
Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc, 704 F.2d 1009 (7th Cir. 1983).
National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc, 105 F.3d 841 (2nd Cir. 1997).
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp., 45 F.2d 119, 121 (2d Cir. 1930).
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).
Poe v. Missing Persons, 745 F.2d 1238 C.A.Cal. (1984).
ProCD v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447 (7th Cir. 1996).
Rural Telephone Service Co. v. Feist Publications, Inc., 737 F. Supp. 610, 622 (Kan. 1990)
Schatt v. Curtis Management Group, 764 F. Supp. 902, 913 (S.D.N.Y 1991).
Silverman v. CBS Inc., 870 F.2d 40, 49 (1989)
Smith v. Paul, 174 Cal.App.2d 744, 755-56, 345 P.2d 546, (Cal.Dist.Ct.App.1959)
Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman, 669 F.2d 852 (2d Cir. 1982).\
Texas Indus., Inc. v. Radcliff Materials, Inc., 451 U.S. 630 (1981).
Time, Inc. v. Bernard Geis Assocs., 293 F. Supp. 130, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1968)
Trade-Mark Cases, 100 U.S. 82, 94 (1879).
Vault Corp. v. Quaid Sofiware Ltd, 847 F.2d 255, 269 (5th Cir. 1988).
Warner Bros. Entm’t v. X One X Productions, No. 10-1743 (8th Cir. July 5, 2011).
Warner Bros. v AVELA, No. 10-1743, 26 (8th Cir. July 5, 2011), available at http://media.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/11/07/101743P.pdf.
Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. & J. K. Rowling v. RDR Books, 575 F.Supp.2d 513 (SDNY 2008).
Wendt v. Host, Int'l. Inc. (Wendt Ⅰ), Nos. 93-56318, 93-56510, 1995 U.S. App. LEXIS 5464, at *7 (9th Cir. Mar. 16, 1995).
Wendt v. Host Int'l, Inc. (WendtⅡ), 125 F.3d 806 (9th Cir. 1997).
Whimsicality, Inc. v. Rubie's Costumes Co., 721 F.Supp. 1566, 1573 ( E.D.N.Y.1989)
Williams Electronics, Inc. v. Artic International, Inc, 685 F.2d 870, 874 (3d Cir. 1982).
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co., 433 U.S. 562 (1977).

四、網路文獻（依字母序）
2007 American Idol，http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3H4RljiBH8.
Augmented Reality for Maintenance and Repair (ARMAR), http://graphics.cs.columbia.edu/projects/armar/index.htm
Benjamin Duranske, There.com Changes “Texture Theft” Rules, Actively Protects Users’ In-World Intellectual Property, VIRTUALLY BLIND, Aug. 13th, 2007, http://virtuallyblind.com/2007/08/13/therecom-texture-theft/.
Brian Wassom, Copyright in an Augmented Reality, http://www.wassom.com/copyright-in-an-augmented-reality.html.
Disney Moving Forward With Pete’s Dragon Remake, http://www.geeknation.com/blog/disney-moving-forward-with-petes-dragon-remake/.
Doritos Late Night Chips: Augmented Reality In A Bag!,http://www.digitalbuzzblog.com/doritos-late-night-chips-augmented-reality-with-blink-182-in-a-bag/.
EverQuest User Agreement and Software License, http://help.soe.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/16210 .
Everything is a Remix, http://everythingisaremix.info/.
Fat Albert & the Cosby Kids - Episode 1，http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prM4QbwcVTk
Feel The Need For Speed with Google Earth’s Flight Simulator, http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/feel-the-need-the-need-for-speed-with-google-earths-flight-simulator/ .
First, They Came for the Doritos: AR Campaign Spurs Legal Complaint, With More to Come. http://www.wassom.com/doritos01.html
Google, How It Feels [through Glass], http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1uyQZNg2vE
Google, Project Glass: One day..., avilableathttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9c6W4CCU9M4.
HatsuneMiku Dances On Your Table With Toyota And AR, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUpl4EcfQ6Q
Ingress - It's time to Move, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92rYjlxqypM
Jared Newman, 5 New Things to Know About Google Glass, TIME TECH, Apr. 16, 2013, http://techland.time.com/2013/04/16/5-new-things-to-know-about-google-glass/
John Bringardner, IP’s brave new world, IP Law & Business Feb. 1, 2007. www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1170237755271.
NY Case Studies: Wonka –Wrapper, http://www.nycasestudies.com/?portfolio=wonka-wrapper.
PATRICK O’CALLAHAN, LEARN THE LEAGUE(ebook), related information available at http://learntheleague.com/ebook/.
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