本研究目的是對台灣高溫、多濕之特殊海島型氣候環境，建立本土微生物對工程障壁材料腐蝕及核種吸附之資料庫，作為 Low Level Radioactive Waste (LLRW)最終處置安全評估之參數。實驗中由蘭嶼貯存場內、外環境進行微生物取樣，評估當地微生物之活度，從中分離及鑑定本土菌株，探討其生長特性、輻射耐受性，從中挑選具特殊性或代表性之菌株進行後續微生物對各工程障壁之腐蝕效應及對放射性核種能力之評估。
微生物取樣結果顯示蘭嶼貯存場內、外環境微生物活動旺盛，環境水樣及土樣微生物含量分別為101~106 CFU/mL及103~107 CFU/g，場內重裝桶中之鏽蝕桶材之細菌與真菌量均可達103 CFU/g，微生物相十分豐富，顯示蘭嶼貯存場中之微生物具多樣化。
從蘭嶼分離之28株菌株，包含細菌、酵母菌、放射線菌及真菌，於實驗室環境中探討各菌株之特性及於輻射場中之生長力，結果顯示分離之真菌對酸鹼值之耐受範圍明顯高於分離之細菌及放射線菌，大多數真菌可耐受於pH 10之強鹼環境中，菌株生長代謝可降低培養液之pH，營造出適合其生長之酸鹼值環境。分離菌株間之輻射抗性有相當大之差異，D10值在0.15 kGy~ 2.05 kGy之間，而所有分離菌株皆可於劑量率3.4x105 μSv/h 之輻射環境中生長，此劑量率遠高於重裝桶表面劑量率100 μSv/h，證實本土菌株能於重裝桶中之輻射環境中生長，微生物確為接觸放射性廢棄物之第一線生物。
受測菌株對鍍鋅碳鋼試片之腐蝕結果指出，各受測菌株生長對鍍鋅碳鋼試片表面均會造成大小不一之刻紋，影響程度因菌株而異，其中PEN1菌株對鍍鋅鋼片之影響最為嚴重，在135天培養期內造成大部分表面鍍鋅層消失，露出碳鋼基材，SEM-EDS分析結果顯示表面相對鋅含量僅剩餘5.26±0.69 wt%，鐵含量則有94.74±0.69 wt%。培養液中鋅濃度之測定結果顯示PEN1菌株生長造成鍍鋅層之鋅離子外釋至培養液中，大部分之鋅離子直接吸附於菌體內，另外電化學測試之結果指出，各菌株培養後之鍍鋅碳鋼試片腐蝕速率有所差異，其中以PEN1菌株培養之試片腐蝕速率最高，為144.05 μm/year。
受測菌株對水泥固化體之腐蝕測試結果指出，各菌株均能於含水泥固化體之環境中生長(初始pH值>10)，於培養270天後，各菌株生長能降低培養液之pH值至10以下。培養液中鈣及矽濃度測定之結果顯示，受測菌株之生長會加速水泥固化體中鈣離子釋出至溶液中，力學性質測試結果顯示，受測菌株與水泥固化體培養270天之抗壓強度與未接菌者相比並無顯著差別。
受測菌株對鈷(Co)、鍶(Sr)、銫(Cs)金屬元素及放射性核種之吸附結果顯示，所有菌株均會吸附此三種元素及放射性核種，吸附能力因菌株及金屬種類不同而有所差異，其中CAN菌株對鈷之元素之吸附係數及放射性核種析吸附kd值為受測菌株中最高者，分別為234.77±12.18 μg/g、5186.42±174.40，遠高於其他受測菌株。受測菌株對Cs元素及核種吸附能力均不佳。
本研究結果證實台灣本土菌株於貯存場輻射環境中生長並不會受到抑制，其生長代謝可能會影響低放處置工程障壁材料使用年限，對於放射性核種亦具吸附之能力，因此在未來之最終低放處置場址評估中，須將當地微生物相之影響列入安全評估。

關鍵字:微生物、低放射性廢棄物、生物腐蝕、核種吸附

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of microorganisms on the corrosion of engineering barriers for low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) and their ability to adsorb radionuclides in the warm and humid climate of Taiwan. Native microbial strains were sampled from outside and inside Lanyu repository and were isolated and identified to investigate their radiation tolerance, adsorption of radionuclides and effect on the corrosion of engineering barriers.
The results thus obtained revealed that microbial activity is high both inside and outside Lanyu repository, where with microbial contents in water and soil samples range from 101~106 CFU/mL and 103~107 CFU/g, respectively. Additionally, the microbial contents on the surface of LLRW containers in Lanyu repository were in the range of 101 ~103 CFU/g. Of the microorganisms that were sampled inside and outside of Lanyu repository, 28 species, including bacteria, yeast, actinobacteria and fungi, were isolated for use in subsequent experiments.
The isolated fungal strains can tolerate wider range of pH values than isolated bacteria or actinobacteria: even in a harsh medium at pH 10, their growth and metabolism reduces the pH of the medium to provide a suitable environment in which other strains can grow.
Furthermore, a significant variation in the resistance of isolates to radiation was observed, with D10 values in the range 0.15 kGy~2.05 kGy for the isolated strains. All isolates could grow in the environment with the dose rate of 3.4x105 μSv/h. This dose rate greatly exceeded the dose rate on the surface of container. This demonstrated that the isolated local strains could survive under radiation in the LLRW repository.
The results of the corrosion tests using the strains of interest that were cultured for 135 days and a galvanized carbon steel specimen revealed that all of tested strains produced notches of various sizes on the specimen. Interestingly, the PEN1 strain decomposed the galvanized surface layer and exposed the carbon steel substrate; the SEM-EDS results showed that the relative zinc content of the surface was 5.26±0.69 wt% and the iron content was 94.74±0.69 wt%. Therefore, the PEN1 strain released zinc from the galvanized carbon steel specimen into the culture medium, and the released zinc ions became accumulated in biomass. The electrochemical test results revealed that the rate of corrosion of the tested specimens varied with the microbial strains, and the specimen which cultured with PEN1 strain was corroded at the highest rate of 144.05 μm/year.
The results of the corrosion test that involved 270 days of culturing of tested strains on solidified cement revealed growth of the strains, accompanied by a reduction of the pH of the medium below 10. The growth of the tested strains accelerated the release of calcium from the solidified cement. However, this release of calcium had no significant influence on compressive strength.
All of the tested strains adsorbed cobalt, strontium and cesium. Their adsorption capacity depended strongly on the species of the strain and the metal. The CAN strain had the greatest capacity to adsorb cobalt, with an adsorption coefficient of 234.77±12.18 μg/g and a Kd value of 5186.42±174.40.
This study demonstrated that local microbial strains can grow in the environment of LLRW disposal repository, and thier growth and metabolism may affect the function of engineering barriers of LRRW repository; moreover, isolated strains have adsorption capacity for radionuclides. Therefore, microbial effect must be considered as a safety assessment for the final disposal of LLRW in Taiwan.

Keywords: Microorganism, Low-level radioactive waste, Bio-corrosion, Radionuclide sorption

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