中文摘要
空氣汙染的長傳輸在近年來影起廣大的關注。台灣處在西風帶,位處於亞洲大陸的下風處,以至於中國大陸排放氣膠, 以及東南亞生質燃燒所產生的排放物質都會傳輸到台灣, 使得台灣成為研究中印半島生質燃燒長程傳輸的最佳地點。本篇文章中, 我們選擇兩個採樣地點: 近生殖燃燒源的越南珊羅氣象站, 以及長程傳輸下風處的台灣鹿林大氣背景監測站做為採樣點。
真菌孢子屬於一級生物氣膠(PBAs), 為生物氣膠最大宗,能夠透過作為雲凝結核影響降雨, 地球能量平衡, 甚至在病原體的遠程傳播上佔有重要角色。在生質燃燒與真菌孢子交互影響的研究則顯示出在近燃燒源區珊羅, levoglucosan與真菌孢子顯跡子(arabitol, mannitol與xylitol) 在細粒徑下有良好的相關性。
生質燃燒不但產生大量氣膠, 造成空氣汙染, 影響人類健康之外, 在本篇文章會探討生質燃燒與真菌生態的交互影響, 而這方面在學界的探討甚少. 本篇文章主要分成三個層面:生質燃燒近源化學特性分析、生質燃燒長程傳輸探討及生質燃燒以及真菌活動之交互影響

近源氣膠化學特性研究結果顯示, 在珊羅PM10氣膠質量濃度受到PM2.5主導, 且PM2.5佔PM10達75%; 有機碳OC濃度遠超過無機碳EC濃度, 顯示燃燒狀態多為悶燒狀態。利用特徵氣膠成分比值—levoglucosan/mannosan, levoglucosan/K+---推測燃燒生質為木本植物與農廢物的混合。

在生質燃燒與真菌孢子交互影響的研究則顯示出在近燃燒源區珊羅, levoglucosan與真菌孢子顯跡子(arabitol, mannitol與xylitol) 在細粒徑下有良好的相關性。而在長程傳輸的研究中, 在鹿林山的樣本結果顯示, 真菌孢子顯跡子arrabitol 和mannitol 只有在東南亞生質燃燒的季節中才會出現在PM2.5, 但卻常年存在於PM10, 顆粒小的孢子可能隨風傳送到台灣。然而, 若比對逆軌跡結果, 找出受到東南亞生質燃燒氣團影響的日期再作分析, 卻發現levoglucosan 在PM10與arabitol和mannitol有相當強的相關性。這個結果可能代表生質燃燒就算經過長程傳輸還是有可能影響地方性得真菌活動。

Abstract
Air pollutant long-range transport has received increased attention in recent years (Wang, Tsay et al. 2011). With the aid of westerlies, aerosol emissions from China (such as from urban and industrial centers), as well as biomass burning (BB) emissions from south-east Asia can be easily transported to Taiwan, which is located in the outflow region of the Asian continent. Here, biomass burning emissions from Indochina have been investigated upon long-range transport at two sampling sites: a site near the biomass burning sources in Sonla Province, Vietnam, and a receptor/background site, Mt. Lulin, Taiwan. Near-source observations of fresh smoke emissions from various burning processes allowed the chemical and physical characterization of source emissions and the comparison with ambient aerosol potentially influenced by such smoke emissions upon long-rang transport at a downwind site in Taiwan.

Primary Bioaerosols PBAs (including pollen, fungal spores, bacteria, viruses, and fragments of animals and plants) could influence precipitation and energy budget of the earth by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei, while also playing an important role in the transport of trace elements and pathogens into and away from specific biomes. Fungal spores are considered to be the most dominant fraction of bioaerosols in the size range 2-10 µm, and are able to survive even harsh environmental conditions. However, a study of fungal material in fine particulate matter would be more essential, since fine aerosaol particles (with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 μm, PM2.5) could easily get though respiratory tracts and reach deeply to human lungs, cause more severe symptoms when entering the blood stream at the alveoli.

BB processes across the globe release large amounts of aerosols, causing visibility impairment, adversely affecting human health, and contributing to climate change. Furthermore, in this study, we found BB emissions to also interact with microbial activities, affecting fungal spore release, about which very little is known.
This work is based on three main aims:
1. Biomass burning source emissions characterization
2. Assessment of BB emission long-range transport
3. Investigation of BB-Fungal spore interactions.

Results from the near-source aerosol characterization in the biomass burning source region, i.e., at the Son La site in northern Vietnam showed that particulate mass in PM2.5 accounted for 75% of the PM10 mass, with high organic carbon (OC) concertrations compared to elemental carbon (EC), indicating the dominance of smoldering over flaming fire regime during the entire dry season. The relative abundance of particulate components, specifically the diagnostic ratios of BB tracers – levoglucosan/mannosan and levoglucosan/K+ – help to further classify the biomass types and show that the burning source was likely a mixture of wood and agricultural residues.
The investigation of the BB-fungal spore interactions revealed that at the near-source site, Son La, levoglucosan exhibited excellent correlations with fungal spore tracers (arabitol, mannitol and xylitol) in fine particle fraction.

Characterization of the ambient aerosol at the high-altitude station at Mt. Lulin (LABS), Taiwan, acting as a downwind receptor site, allowed to see the effects of BB on fungal activity after long-distance transport. It was revealed that the fungal spore tracers arabitol and mannitol appeared in PM2.5 only during the biomass burning season, while they were always present in PM10, with the fungal tracers exhibiting better correlation with levoglucosan in PM2.5 than in PM10. However, during periods when the air masses were advected from the BB region according to the back trajectory analysis, levoglucosan showed better correlation with fungal spore tracers in PM10, indicate that local fungal activities could be affect by biomass burning activities even after a long-distance of transport

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